How Far Do You Agree That Wyatt’s Rebellion Was a Serious Threat

How far do you agree that Wyatt’s rebellion was a serious threat to Mary’s authority? Although Wyatt’s rebellion was, when compared to the riots and rebellions that visited the Tudor Dynasty, rather small in size, it had a large impact in that Queen Mary’s authority as Monarch was questioned and ridiculed by the actions that drove so close to her residence in 1554. Historians argue that the volatile combination of politics, religion and Mary’s personality were major factors in the rebellion’s formation as well as the fear the prospect of a Spanish King visited upon the nobles.Mary’s ascension to the throne of England was marked with extraordinary political and religious circumstance: the return of Catholicism in England marshalled by Mary was a decision met with gratefulness and one that pleased many of those citizens supressed under the Tudor dynasty’s progressive and eventually full protestant stance. However, Mary’s ge nder meant that she couldn’t enjoy the same levels of independence and power as those wielded by her brother and father.Mary’s announcement that she intended to marry Philip II of Spain in 1554 divided her privy council into two distinct groups; one opposing her marriage, favouring the possible courter, Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon), and the other, who supported the Spanish Monarch. The reasons for these split alliances were deeply ingrained in foreign policy, with those supporting Philip’s prospects seeking the advantages of a strong Anglo-Spanish alliance, and those against it fearing the consequences of a future hereditary Spanish claim to the English throne and a possible need to aid Spain in future conflict.Some historians like Rex, believe that these circumstances in combination with Mary’s personal stubbornness and willingness to marry Philip II against the inclination of her government played a considerable factor in the fruition of Wyattâ€⠄¢s rebellion. However, there have been attempts by historians to counter this appraisal of Mary’s character, it has been suggested that the queen’s indecision in the negotiations over the restoration of Catholicism to England and more specifically her marriage to Philip was Mary being politically shrewd, tailored to win greater concessions for the English Crown from the Hapsburgs and the Vatican.Thus, it may be fair to attribute Mary’s personality as one of the largest contributing factors of her marriage to Philip and Thomas Wyatt’s consequent anti-monarchic movement whether these intended or not. It would thus seem that it was Mary’s personality and the ways in which her choices affected those around her which was the greatest motive for Wyatt’s rebellion. This view can be furthermore supported when acknowledging the fact that there was very little religious opposition remaining by the time of the rebellion, hence Mary could only be damag ed as a result of her own political errors regarding the marriage.Turvell and Randall discuss this view, stating ‘At the beginning of the reign even the most zealous of urban radicals were not prepared to go against the mainstream of public opinion, and waited to see what would happen. Certainly, when Mary, using the royal prerogative, suspended the second Act of Uniformity and restored the mass, there was no public outcry. ’ Hence, historians may argue that Thomas Wyatt’s motives were spurred by the prospect of a Spanish king and were not religiously driven. The actual level of threat that the Wyatt rebellion posed to Mary’s authority is a subject of much debate.On the one hand, historians argue that the rebellion significantly challenged Mary’s position as queen, whilst on the other; the event has been described by historians such as Diarmaid MacCulluch as a demonstration of ‘the bankruptcy of rebellion as a way of solving problems’. This diversity in opinion stems for an array of contemporary circumstances. Those who view the rebellion as a serious threat are quick to acknowledge Elizabeth, who was at the time considered an apt alternative to her idiosyncratically minded sister.Elizabeth’s status as a Protestant may not have pleased the public opinion in England at the time but her young age and ability to bare children was something which Mary could not so easily contest. Similarly, the rebellion’s close proximity to London and Mary’s residence has bolstered its seriousness. Historian Tony Imparato agrees with this view, stating in his book ‘Protest and Rebellion in Tudor England’ that ‘Wyatt’s men marched on London and in doing so presented the most serious threat ever posed to Tudor government †¦ In the end, his force came within half a mile of where the queen was staying, but was forced to retreat. The view held by Imparato may address the seriousness of t he Wyatt rebellion in so far as geographical closeness to Mary, but it does not fully explain the event’s consequences in revealing severe weaknesses in Mary’s government and the tenuousness of her position as queen. In his book, ‘The Early Tudors 1485-1558’ John Duncan Mackie discusses the greater extent of the rebellion and what it revealed about Mary’s court: ‘The queen’s Catholic friends had been ineffectual in the crisis and the battle had been won for her by men like Pembroke who had deserted Northumberland at the last minute. In expressing the ineffectuality of Mary’s Catholic allies, Mackie delves deeper into the rebellion’s longer term consequences and in demonstrating Pembroke’s desertion of Northumberland, highlights an only last minute decision by one of England’s most important political figures to support his queen. On the other hand, some historians have viewed Wyatt’s rebellion as havin g a lesser impact on royal authority. This view has been fuelled by the rebellion’s small levels of popular support as well as Courtenay’s ineptitude.This view is held by Colin Pendrill, who in his 2000 book ‘The English Reformation: Crown, Power and Religious Change, 1485-1558’ holds the view that the Wyatt rebellion failed and that three main issued led to this conclusion: ‘Anti-Spanish rumours did not bring about widespread support’, ‘News of the conspiracy leaked out in January 1554, so the conspirators had to act before they were ready and in the middle of winter’ and that the rebellion lacked support to such a degree that outright hostility was encountered in Coventry and that ‘Wyatt alone managed to raise some troops in Kent†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.Pendrill’s supporting of the idea that there was a lack of common support for Wyatt’s anti-Spanish campaign may best present an objective and accurate view of the rebe llion’s preamble. It was indeed the case that Wyatt only managed to gather around three-thousand Kentish men to lead to London, suggesting that his geographical location in Kent played somewhat to his favour as this is where the majority of anti-Spanish support was located. This may indicate that the rebellion’s support was in fact not at all widespread and that Wyatt was indeed fortunate to gain the support he did.In contrast to Imparato’s source, Pendrill remonstrates that Wyatt’s rebellion was little more than an unorganised march which posed no real threat to Mary or her constitution’s authority. Furthermore, Imparato’s view can be contrasted against that of historian P. J Hammer, who in his ‘Elizabeth Wars: war, government and society in Tudor England’ states that ‘Wyatt chose to surrender rather than risk a pitched battle without local support. Hammer’s source reinforces the idea that sympathy for Wyattâ€℠¢s course was not widespread and was confined to the Kent area. In conclusion, on the basis of the evidence given, historians may view Wyatt’s rebellion to have been an unserious yet revealing challenge to Mary’s authority. Although a severe lack of support and disorganisation had cost Thomas Wyatt from reaching Mary, he had revealed to her the existence of core group of dissenters prepared to die in order to prevent an Anglo-Spanish throne in England.The extent to which Mary responded to the rebellion showed her anxiety and anger at the attempted challenge to her authority and for the execution of ninety rebels (including Wyatt himself), the exile of Courtenay and the executions of Lord Thomas Grey and William Thomas, the Wyatt rebellion should be viewed as ultimately unserious, but instrumental in heightening the anxiety of Mary and the lengths to which she would go to ensure her crown and constitution remained secure.

Advances in Operating Systems

Operating systems have undergone a series of evolutions since the early nineteen fifties when they first appeared in the market. By this time they were crude and they performed limited duties with great difficult. They also consumed time and were extremely annoying.When it struck the year 2000, computer operating systems finished half a century in existence. The efficient systems that entered the scene in the nineteen nineties are a successor to the batch processing systems of the early nineteen fifties.Just like the operating systems have undergone much evolution since they were first invented, the definition has also had to change from time to time so as to fit the moment. The nineteen sixties had the world defining operating systems as the software that was responsible for the direction or control of the hardware.The emergence of microcode has shifted the definition and nowadays operating systems are defined as the software whose duty is to make the hardware possible to use. Opera ting systems comprises a set of programs that basically control the computer. Abbreviated as OS or O/S, operating systems form the software component of a computer that handles the coordination and management of computer resources.It also controls the sharing of the computer resources by acting as a host of the applications that are carried out or done in the computer. It is true that no computer functions in the current world of computers without making use of an operating system.This applies to handheld computers, desk top computers, video game consoles and super computers. The batch processors mentioned above that were the forerunners of current operating systems were produced by a couple of companies such as UNIVAC and Control Data Corporation.Components of an operating systemOperating systems are composed of different areas such as kernel services, library services and application level services. Kernel services are charged with the responsibility of providing a path to the per ipheral components or devices.Usually, the kernel answers the device interrupts and responds to service requests from the processes taking place. I t is the core of the operating system and functions in a privileged manner that supports the execution of orders from the hardware. Library services in the operating system deals with the storage of no-processed and processed data. This is retrievable for use in future in case it is required for reference or processing.The other component of the operating system is the application services part or component whose function is primarily to coordinate the running of the application area of the system.The historical progression or advancement of operating systemsSince the period of the batch systems, so much has happened in the world of computer operating systems. The most productive period in computer operating systems evolution took place in the sixties and seventies. This is the time when much of the now famous and widely used and highly effective computer operating systems were invented.The earliest operating systems or the so called classic operating systems came out in distinct times. These times can be broken down to a number of phases. The first phase is the open shop which saw the introduction of the IBM 701 open shop. The period in which this came out was the year nineteen fifty four.The batch processing period gave us the batch processing phase that went a head to bring forth the well known BKS system. This was the year nineteen sixty one. The batch processing phase was followed by the multiprogramming phase .This phase was responsible for the production or invention of up to four serious operating systems. These systems were the atlas supervisor in nineteen sixty one, the B5000 system in nineteen sixty four, the exec II system in nineteen sixty six and the egdon system that came out in the year nineteen sixty six as well.The fourth phase in this line of classic operating systems was the timesharing phase. T his phase saw the emergence of operating systems such as CTSS that came out in nineteen sixty two, the multics file system that came out in the year nineteen sixty five, and the titan file system that was produced in nineteen seventy two.The UNIX operating system that came out in nineteen seventy two also falls into the timesharing category.Still on the idea of operating system production and functional phases, the timesharing phase pushes us on to the concurrent programming phase. At this angle, a number of operating systems are recognized.These include the solo program text of nineteen seventy six, the solo system of nineteen seventy six, the THE system that came out in nineteen sixty eight, the Venus system that came out in nineteen seventy two, the RC 4000 that was invented in the year nineteen sixty nine and the boss 2 system that was produced in the year nineteen seventy five.The concurrent programming phase is closely followed by the personal computing phase .In this particul ar phase, operating systems that are still highly respected in the world of computing such as the star user interface produced in nineteen eighty two, the operating system produced in nineteen seventy two simply referred to as the OS, the alto system of nineteen seventy nine and the pilot system of nineteen eighty are highly considered.Then there is the last phase which is the phase of distributed systems. The distributed systems that are found in this phase include the highly admired and valued Unix United System that came out in nineteen eighty two, the amoeba system of nineteen eighty, and the Unix United RPC system that appeared in the world of computing in the year nineteen eighty two.There is also the WFS file server system that was produced in the year nineteen seventy nine.In the world of evolution of operating systems, there are strong principles that always dictate the nature and operational capability of an operating system. These basic ideas or principles are the ones th at always lead to the rise or invention of the technical benchmarks that led to the design of the operating systems in question.The history of computer operating system evolution is littered with these basic ideas that gave rise or formed the ground for the formulation of the operating systems we now know and use. These basic ideas or core ideas of operating systems developed through phases as well just like the operating systems themselves.These phases include the open shop, the batch processing phase, the multiprogramming phase, the timesharing phase, the concurrent programming phase, the personal computing phase, and the distributed systems phase.The technical ideas that emerged during these phases include the remote servers that came out in the phase of the distributed computer operating systems, the simultaneous user interaction and the online file systems that came out during the phase of timesharing, and the graphic user interfaces that came out in the group of personal compu ter operating systems emergence.The parallel programming concepts, the extensive kernels, the secure parallel languages and the hierarchical systems as technical ideas also came out during the phase of concurrent programming.Added to these, are idea of operating systems itself that came out in the phase of open systems, the technical element of tape batching and first in and first out scheduling that emerged at the time of batch processing, the technical ideas of demand paging, priority scheduling, remote job entry, input –output spooling, processor multiplexing and indivisible operations that arose at the hot period of multiprogramming (Aho, 1984).Moving from the period of technical ideas innovation or invention, the history of operating systems also covers the mode or way of operation that was normally used in the process of trying to get work done using the poorly designed operating systems.At the time of the IBM open shop, life with the computers of the time was terribly hard and a long time was spent trying to achieve some simple targets. Workers would sit before computers waiting for their data to be processed to whatever they wanted. The problems posed by the computers of the time made the users work hard to come up with more efficient machines.The batch processing systems mentioned elsewhere in this research paper came as a serious leap forward in the evolution of operating system. Here, the idea of computers handling the amount of work to process came up and the laziness and slow nature of human beings was eliminated.Magnetic tape was input with punched cards and the jobs to be done were run in order of appearance through the computers .Satellite computers printed the output in a line printer and produced the next input.Despite the effectiveness that came with the batch processing system, there was the limitation of feeding the magnetic tape, the speed of output and the delay due to the sequential nature of the magnetic tapes. It would actually take several hours, a day or two before one would get the output for their work.This system of batch processing was followed by the BKS system that was very easy to read even by people who were not so much into computer work and obviously had the same problem of delaying just like the batch processing.

Project Management and Internal Function Essay

The HRIS project is necessitated by two factors which support our business needs. One of these factors is the need to keep up with the demand for our product within the marketplace. The second factor is actualizing a business that works as hard for its employees as hard as the employees have worked for the business. Our business has increased by two fold in the last 18 months, which means that we must create a new way of doing business. As a result of this growth, we had to revamp the financial system, which has actualized its contribution through showing up as time savings achieved through automation. As a result of implementing the financial system, we received our return on investment six months earlier than anticipated. How does it get any better than that? It is with the same dedication that the HRIS project is being given life and endorsed by the stakeholders, which support this project. Description As a result of this growth, we have just completed the transition of incorporating the financial system and it has been a smashing success. This new growth demands of us that we do business a little differently now. It is our intent through this project to improve the employees’ workplace and space in addition to addressing the changes that come about from expansion. There has been a marked and appreciable demand for our products over the last two years. As a result of this growth, we now require a better way of doing business. The HRIS project will take an outside and inside approach in order to create the space for transition and a better way of doing business. The approximate savings through this project would be actualized within the two quarters alone. Objective The objective for this project supports our goal of achieving a more robust production environment for our customers in addition to providing a better environment for future growth for our employees. It is our intent to support this project in the following ways: 1. Payroll will be automated and this will produce a faster and easier way for the employees to be reimbursed or to make changes to the auto pay options. 2. Our employees will be in a better position to pursue and create a career track for them that aligns with their own goals. 3. The HRIS process will allow for more transparency in hiring for those on the outside. 4. Potential employees will be able to see and apply for open positions. 5. Management will be in a better position to ensure that the potential applicants are well-qualified. 6. Additional funding now available from the implementation of the financial system can fund more research and projects to improve the workplace. Success Criteria or Expected Benefits The success criteria came from the various stakeholders and sponsors. The CEO of the company, Rory Genhardt, commissioned a project manager to spearhead the HRIS project. The project manager conducted several interviews of various stakeholders and sponsors in order to obtain measurable project objectives. The reports disseminated will include information gathered from the individual SMEs. It is this information that was used to present information to the stakeholders, sponsors and participants through reports, presentations, written, verbal and oral communications. The expert judgment provided by these various individuals was invaluable. They are outlined for the HRIS project as targets. Specifically identified from the various stakeholders of the expected benefits of the implementation of this project are the â€Å"recruiting capabilities† and â€Å"succession planning† for the CEO. Per the HR Director, â€Å"vacation and sick time and sick leave linked to attendance instead of years of services†, in addition to â€Å"tracking of certification and education requirements† would be a benefit from the implementation. The VP of Marketing would receive benefit from the â€Å"employee database and the e-forms†. The VP of Finance would be appreciative of the â€Å"payroll capabilities†. The most beneficial aspects for the VP of Manufacturing would be the â€Å"performance review management and compensation capabilities†. â€Å"Position control† and the â€Å"recruiting capabilities† would be beneficial to the Plant Managers. Funding Some of the funding available for this project was generated per the information contained in the GenScoop newsletter. The CEO of GenRays states, â€Å"extra savings will fuel additional growth and expansion to the company, as we are able to fund more research and projects to improve our workplace.† In addition to the growth experienced from the total sales in the last quarter, GenRay is in a solid position to support funding for this project as stated by the VP of Finance with a contribution of $103,000. Should additional funding be required for this project, the Information Technology Director will be sought out as they have approximately $360,000 available for hardware and software upgrades in addition to technical staff being available for assistance. Major Deliverables The following deliverables contained in this project charter were derived from interviews with the stakeholders who said: âÅ"â€" The CEO requires that commencement of the project is to begin after the W2s are issued per a request from the CEO as time is critical for the introduction of this project. The actualization of this project will create more â€Å"research and projects to improve our workplace.† âÅ"â€" Per the executive sponsors and the CEO, there is a request to complete the project with all the system elements being functional before the year-end closing as the anticipated savings will provide company additional funding for R&D projects on the horizon. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. âÅ"â€" In order to keep the project on schedule, incorporating compatible team members during the performing stage will help to keep the project running smoothly and decrease down time. This is an internal function of the project outcome. This deliverable creates a stable foundation for the commencement of the project. âÅ"â€" The VP of Manufacturing requires integration of the searchable performance feature so that managers can review potential candidates who can be selected for the management program. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for the HR, Plant Manager, VP of Finance and Marketing to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires an awareness of which team members require additional time to move through the forming, storming and norming stages. This is an internal function of the project outcome. âÅ"â€" The CEO requires that the software has recruiting capabilities. The information derived will screen qualified candidates who are applying for positions. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The CEO also requires an integrated computerized system, which tracks the performance review information, to include certifications, experience and educational requirements which can be used for succession planning. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for the HR, Plant Manager, VP of Finance and Marketing to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Plant Manager from Manufacturing Site 1 requires a self-serve employee database which will track and update the information on each employee. This is an internal function of the project outcome. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The VP of Marketing requires the implementation of business forms which populate E-forms for the ease of inter-commerce for more standardized processes among the organization. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. âÅ"â€" The VP of Finance requires an automated self-service payroll in order to save time and money. This is an internal function of the project outcome. âÅ"â€" The Plant Manager from Manufacturing Site 1 requires analyzation of the position control of the data entered by salary, grade and job title so as to provide equitable compensation to the employees throughout the site. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires a capability which mines the data contained within performance review data and training records in order to ensure that the proper candidate is matched with most compatible candidate. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires the capability of self-service of employee’s information, which is then used and approved by their management in order to streamline the hiring process. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires migration of the older databases in addition to streamlining the information received into a consolidated database to include financial, employee, vacation, benefits, training, education and certification. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. Acceptance Criteria Per the CEO of GenRays, the major acceptance criteria is, â€Å"The project must be complete with all system elements functional before year-end closing.† In addition to that the following criteria are: âÅ"â€" The CEO’s acceptance is that the actualization of this project will create more â€Å"research and projects to improve our workplace.† âÅ"â€" Per the executive sponsors and the CEO, the acceptance criteria for them is having all the system elements be functional so that the company will have additional funding for R&D projects on the horizon. âÅ"â€" The CEO requires that the software have recruiting capabilities, the phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use of this information. âÅ"â€" The CEO also requires an integrated computerized system, which tracks the performance review information. This phase in the project allows for the HR, Plant Manager, VP of Finance and Marketing to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" HR requires incorporating compatible team members. This criteria creates a stable foundation for the commencement of the project. âÅ"â€" The Director of HR’s acceptance requires an awareness of which team members require additional time to move through the forming, storming and norming stages. This is an internal function of the project outcome. This phase ensures completion of the project without personnel complications. âÅ"â€" The VP of Manufacturing’s acceptance requires a searchable performance feature which allows for the HR, Plant Manager, VP of Finance and Marketing to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The VP of Marketing’s acceptance requires the implementation of business forms. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. âÅ"â€" The VP of Finance requires an automated self-service payroll in order to save time and money. This is an internal function of the project outcome. âÅ"â€" The Plant Manager from Manufacturing Site 1 requires a self-serve employee database. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Plant Manager from Manufacturing Site 1 requires analyzation of the position control of the data entered by salary, grade and job title. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires a capability which mines the data. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires the capability of self-service of employee’s information. The phase in the project allows for management to have access to and use this information. âÅ"â€" The Director of Human Resources requires migration of the older databases. This is an internal function of the project outcome and a desired product to the end user.

Why study abroad Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why study abroad - Assignment Example It is one of the vital factors in almost every person’s life. This opinion is dependable as the aspect of studying abroad could give the international students an opportunity to live and study the diverse environment, meet new people who come from different socio-economic backgrounds, learn new languages, exchanging of cultures, development of skills and self, and enhancement of an individual’s future. As many of the youth today have more interest in learning foreign language, their efforts of becoming fluent in their second or third languages is becoming high. This is just the starting point of developing interest in going outside the borders and study abroad. â€Å"Traditional Chinese culture places well-educated scholars in the highest social rank. Academic achievement is also an honor to the family. Dedication to scholarship becomes not only a personal goal but also a culture goal for Chinese international students†, according to Twombly, Salisbury, Tumanot, & Klute (2012). Unarguably, since time immemorial education has been playing a vital role in the lives of so many people. It has soon become the top priority for most parents in the contemporary society to ensure their children get the best education, which is a necessity in the modern society. Coming to the subject of studying abroad for any level of education is now becoming one of the hottest topics today in China notably among students who would wish to study abroad. The argument of studying abroad is always surrounded by preferences of choice among the students for workforce and life. The question being asked is whether studying abroad has any benefit to the students. I believe that college education is a prime time for individuals to have new experiences and learn more than just academics. I feel it provides an individual time to learn about

The fame of michael jackson in middle east Essay

The fame of michael jackson in middle east - Essay Example Michael Jackson achieved his popularity in the Middle East from several of his strengths and preferences despite him being a very troubled man. It is paramount that the success story was not achieved easily but was one that was realized through resilience and hard work. The pop star overcame the racial discrimination age and was able to secure white audience along with his black supporters. Michael Jackson’s iconicity evolved around a combination of multiculturalism, religious orientation, and commitment to philanthropy, American individualism, and consumer capitalism as well as his regular world tours. Philanthropic ambitions by Michael Jackson at the height of his widespread music career saw him undertake a new interest in other cultures and religions, particularly the Muslim culture and the Arabian culture. At one time, Michael admitted to a preference for the Islam religion as he felt that the Islam religion resonated more with his values and believed. He even donated money to build a mosque in the Bahraini capital where he used to own a house. He also had several friends in Bahrain including the son of the former dictator Muammar Gaddafi. It was evident that most of the Bahraini people loved Michael because when he passed away, most people commented that they had lost a fellow Bahraini. The â€Å"Bad† world tour lasted over 16 months and involved con certs performed by Michael in 15 countries. In the concerts, Michael campaigned against racialism, social injustices, poverty, and environmental degradation. He achieved the sensitization against all these vices through his lyrics and imagery in his music such as ‘we are the world’ and ‘they don’t’ care about us’. Michael Jackson’s fans in the Middle East began to see Michael as a global symbol and not merely as an American. His music became the first popular music to be allowed in most Middle and Far East countries such as China in the 1980s when these countries were opening up. Most

Leadership and management issues that might occur in SABMiller Essay

Leadership and management issues that might occur in SABMiller takeover of Fosters - Essay Example The Leadership styles and the organization culture though are quite similar between these cultures yet there are some major differences which can be lethal if not looked into. The British business culture is more formal and there approach is more money oriented while they like to engage in work with people. The management and leadership put more emphasis on organization structure having defined hierarchy and ranks. This approach leads to an organization in which employees have to adhere to strict norms and follow rules while interacting within the organization. Australians on the other hand are less formal and casual in situations, they are more motivated by the organization itself rather than people working around them. The managers like to take direct part in the employee progress and have an environment similar to a coaching culture. They are more performance oriented rather than power oriented indicating that if SABMiller management will have certain issues while making policies and decisions regarding organizational changes. Fosters employees can face lack of motivation when made to work in teams, changing their approach towards monetary returns, int eract formally with peers within the organization and maintain a formal attitude throughout the working day. Management has to employee Change managers typically familiar with both these cultures so as to keep a balance and achieve a balanced workforce. The leadership in UK is more keen on monetary results i.e. they base success on the result on the financial return the team or employee brought rather than the performance in the situation. This leadership style can be troublesome for the Australian employees. ABC.net. (September 22, 201). Unions worried about Fosters job losses. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-22/unions-worried-about-fosters-job-losses/2911742/?site=northandwest. Last accessed 10th OCT

Metapopulation models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metapopulation models - Essay Example It was first safeguarded in 1990, almost a century since the logging in their habitation began. The northern spotted owl acts like a fundament, a†core species†, a barometer for other forest dependent animals. Doak (1989) created another metapopulation method for the Northern spotted owl in which he managed to identify species from clustered territories. Yet, the model did not hold exact dimensional design and the two most important characteristics of spatial structure were missing. Doak (1989) believed that the survival and reproduction possibilities among the owls were independent both among their own population and within them. Such presumption of independent population forces could result in underestimation of the dangers of population drop. Doak (1989) also presumed that the dispersion rate between all populations was also equivalent. A very similar method was applied to populations for the Northern spotted owl by Thomas et al. (1990) in the territoy-clusted model and by Noon and McKelvey (1992) for California spotted owl. The natural unevenness of owl populations in the wild, combined with the unpredictability of population factors, turn probabilistic risk analysis with the use of stochastic devices into an irreplaceable tool for estimating the growth of animal population (Shaffer 1990; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Akcakaya 1992). The most important outcomes from Lande (1987) and Lamberson et al. (in press) are that the decay of satisfactory habitat together with the constantly deteriorating landscape with suitable environmental conditions for sustainable population growth will eventually lead to the extinction of these animals. In addition, unproven links between searching and finding mates leads us to believe that species can be somehow limited to a mating choice even if a suitable habitat is in presence. New evidence comes from a model of Lamberson et al (in press), where he shows a non-equilibrium nature of

Biography, a Fascinating Instrument of Learning History Introduction Essay

Biography, a Fascinating Instrument of Learning History Introduction - Essay Example Biographies are important due to the imperative role they play in mentoring us. When we read other peoples story, we gain an insight of the challenges they faced and how they managed to succeed. When in a predicament, reading a story of someone who was once faced by the same predicament could encourage you and offer a solution to the problem at hand. People like reading biographies of people in their career to act as a source of motivation. For example, an aspiring author reading the memoir of a great writer gets inspired and aim at writing a more fascinating work. Biographies seek to analyze the events in a person’s life thus by reading them we get to be acquainted with them better and are able to connect. Other people find biographies enticing due to their content, which is predominantly enlightening. It is also through biographies that we gain experience, lessons, as well as tips to a successful future. Biographies lean more on positive achievements thus when we read them w e become enthusiastic to better ourselves. In conclusion, biography is and will always remain one of the most educating, informative and motivating resource. Their comprehensiveness remains one of their supreme aspects of learning history. Rhetoric Techniques Used By Advertisers to Market Products Introduction The television commercial is about a newly invented washing detergent. Featuring are a mischievous pupil, his mother and a neighbour. This essay describes the commercial and analyzes rhetorical techniques applied in the commercial. The commercial starts with the boy on his bed thinking of an incredible tomfoolery to use to avoid attending school the following day. Suddenly, he nods his head, walks to the kitchen cabinet, and comes back tomato paste. He hurriedly opens his wardrobe removes his clean white shirts, smudges them with the paste, and returns them back. Later in the afternoon, his mother comes to find collect the shirts for ironing and is perplexed by the stained shi rts. She rushes out to the neighbour’s house where she supposes the boy could be but instead meets only the neighbour. When she explains her predicament, the neighbour enters into an adjacent room and comes out with a bottle. She explains that inside it, is a detergent that cleans out all the stains, but retains the bright colours. She lends her the detergent to wash the shirts. Early the following morning, the mother comes to wake the boy who smile cunningly and tell the mother he does not have a clean shirt to go to school. The mother removes her hands from the back and she is holding white smartly ironed shirts. He rhetorically asks, â€Å"But mum, how did you clean the hard stains?† the neighbour immediately walks in holding the bottle with the detergent and displaying clearly written name of the detergent. She concludes the advertisement when she says. â€Å"Stains disturbing you? Here comes your ever lasting solution.† The rhetorical techniques include the failure of the boy realizing the mother removed and washed the shirts, the boy unwittingly declares he was behind the mischief. It is also rhetoric when the neighbour walks in suddenly to reveal the detergent. To conclude this essay, rhetoric techniques are very important in television commercials as they make prospective customers yearn to watch the entire advertisement. This thus markets the product more. Poetry Trying to define poetry is like chasing after the air, the moment you imagine you have it in

Smart Perimeter Mapping Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smart Perimeter Mapping - Assignment Example Some of the technologies in use include the use of smart perimeters that help in automating supervisionand monitoring of prisoner movements (South University, 2012). Introduction Smart perimeter mapping basically utilizes a combination of electronic equipment and technology such as closed circuit TV, biometric identification, and sensors to keep track of movement of inmates in and around the entire prison area (Bulman, 2008). With some of the systems, the prisoners have their biometric identification including their fingerprints, the electronic identification of their eyes and other unique identification features to monitor the movement of inmates. The tracking can also be done via bracelets or Radio Frequency Identification that the inmates wear or have and which are then monitored electronically to generate real time maps of where each inmate or prison officer is at at any given time. This sort of monitoring is useful in not only ensuing inmates do no get to unauthorized areas but also to guard against any prison breaks and detect any criminal or violent behavior (Bulman, 2008). 1. Smart perimeter mapping is a form of electronic monitoring of inmates in a prison that uses electronic sensors to produce real-time maps of movements and location of all inmates and prison wardens at the prison. The mapping is also used to check for any metallic or other objects that the prisoners may have on their person that may be used to harm others (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). This is done through monitoring their movement through metal and other detectors. In addition the monitors are also used to detect any other contraband items such as drugs that the inmates may be in possession of. The movement of the inmates is also monitored via monitoring stations where real-time maps of the position and location of everyone within the prison can be looked at. 2. This type of mapping will be used to monitor the movement of everyone within the prison area be they inmates, correcti onal officers or visitors. The mapping will be used to account for all the prisoners that are in the prison at any given time instead of relying on a person manually doing a count of the persons who are in the prison (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). The mapping will also be used to restrict access to certain parts of the prison for those who are not authorized to be in those areas. In addition the mapping will also be used to monitor the provision of services such as delivery of meals to the inmates, as well as the movement of the inmates to recreational or other areas of the prison. The type of mapping is essentially used to ensure that every one is accounted for and to monitor service delivery at the prisons (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). 2. A. The smart perimeter mapping will increase the security in the prison in that it will be used to detect any prisoners who may have weapons and other objects that may be harmful to themselves and others. By constantly monitoring the mov ement of prisoners through all doorways for example the system will ensure that one does not leave the dining are with a concealed knife for example and thus reduce or eliminate the possibility of the inmates carrying harmful objects on their person (Stowell, n.d.). The system by providing real time imaging of where

Studying Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Studying Abroad - Essay Example g number of students spending semesters in other countries."Safety and security of the students is obviously the top priority for all programs," says Brian Whalen, president of the Forum on Education Abroad, a non-profit group for study-abroad providers. When deaths do occur, "thats tragic," he says. (USA TODAY 3) Everyone has different experiences and reasons for studying abroad. Â  Some students will study abroad to discover a new career path or to look good in a job interview, while other might want to gain interpersonal skills. Students are choosing to study abroad and take on the major challenge of being immersed in one’s culture. According to the Unesco’s Institute for Statistics, they’ve found that the number of study abroad students worldwide will keep increasing every year by about 12 percent. This growth fosters and showcases the curiosity of cultural encounters and growth in the knowledge through cross-cultural experiences.( http://thecollegetourist.com On April 22,

Citibank Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Citibank Budgeting Essay 1. Analysis of Budget Process at Citibank Direction and control of Citibank’s international branches are conducted via two formal management processes. Each year, top management sets sovereign risk limits for its independent branches based on proposals by country managers. Country managers may choose to operate with self-imposed limits below this upper guideline. Following, there is the budget setting process, where headquarters only provides administrative guidelines but not specific targets, with operating managers being responsible for budgets for the following year. Indonesia often set their targets above these long-term goals. Performance is measured and compared against the budget each month, and a new forecast, which will be reviewed by the division manager, is drawn up each quarter for the remainder of the year. This structure of bottom-up budgeting is appropriate for a decentralized firm like Citibank. This is evident from the freedom Mr Mistri has over Indonesia’s operations and the different business segments and divisions, as shown in Exhibit 2 3. Such a participative process is likely to increase management commitment to achieve the targets since country managers are responsible for influencing their own targets. More importantly, country managers know the local business environment and culture better than group managers, therefore their targets are likely to be more accurate and realistic. Furthermore, bottom-up budgeting is a form of action control while the frequent reviews of the budgets serves as preaction review. Both facilitate information sharing within the organisation, with long-term strategic goals of the firm being communicated downwards and local business potentials and risks conveyed upwards via the budgets and forecasts. They also encourage managers to think further ahead about what they want to achieve in the near future. However, Citibank’s budgeting process appears to have an imbalanced focus with most of the emphasis placed only on financial measures. Although these measures can be easily obtained and are inexpensive because they are by-products of the accounting system, it does not fully represent all aspects of the organization’s strategies and goals. Instead, the budget could be restructured to include other non-financial aspects such as customer satisfaction and employee morale to obtain a balance, which will be vital towards the long term success of Citibank. None of Citibank’s budget items extend beyond the next year; instead there is an emphasis on a fixed short horizon. This can result in managers developing a myopic focus instead of measuring the fulfilment of Citibank’s long-term goals or the local government’s societal expectations. Myopia is aggravated by the monthly performance reviews which reveals the focus on short term goals. Citibank should look at its budget with a longer horizon. Moreover, the budgeting process in Citibank appears to be tedious and too time-consuming. The requirement for operating managers to conduct discussions and forecast all the line items shown on the submission form seems to take up significant time and effort. Such a process could be costly for the firm in terms of opportunity costs related to unnecessary time and resources spent. The benefits of such a tedious budgeting process must be high enough to justify the related costs. Also, there seems to be no connection and a mismatch between the two management processes. It is only reasonable that these two processes should go hand in hand as higher returns may only be possible with a higher risk appetite. However, increase in profit goals is not matched by an increase in risk tolerance (sovereign risk limit). Moreover, sovereign risk limits is set yearly but not adjusted when budgets are revised each quarter. Citibank should consider allowing country/division managers to adjust risk limits to match any revisions in budgets during the year. Use of the Budget for Performance Evaluation of Managers Performance is monitored every month against budgets, and incentive compensation for managers were linked to budget-related performance. Incentive compensation could range up to approximately 70% of base salary although awards of 30-35% were more typical. Assignment of bonuses were based approximately 30% on corporate performance and 70% on individual performance, primarily performance related to forecast. This emphasizes results accountability as it involves rewarding the managers for generating good results that are aligned to the budgets. As such, it influences actions because it causes employees to be concerned about the consequences of the actions they take. However, the contradiction in this is that while these managers will not be constrained in what actions they can take to achieve their goals, they are also empowered to take whatever actions they believe will best produce these desired results. Hence, it is highly dependent on personnel controls with regards to the managers hired. Provided that budgets were adequately set with appropriately extent of goal difficulty, these budgets act as results controls and affects a manager’s motivation since the targets are linked to performance evaluations and compensation. Furthermore, it is beneficial that manager’s compensation is tied directly to both individual(70%) and corporate performance(30%), allowing a larger perspective to be considered. Differentiation of base earnings from extraordinary earnings for which managers are not held accountable for is in line with the controllability principle. This is vital because setting performance targets to attain for each measure allows the managers to assess their performance and also get rewarded, encouraging behaviors that lead to desired results. As such, this will promise manager rewards that provide the most powerful motivational effects in the most cost effective ways possible. However, performance evaluations based on budgeted information is backward looking (extrapolating past trends) while it is best that the evaluations be forward looking. It should be evaluated based on the future cash flow/profits that can be brought to the firm instead of historical performance to promote a higher performance in the future. Furthermore, as their compensation is tied to meeting targets, it might promote game-playing and politics. As for Citibank, their culture encourages aggressive mark-ups to budget with managers constantly setting challenging budgets. For Mr Mistri, he will feel the extra pressure since the aggressive targets can barely be met with the deteriorating conditions in Indonesia. In conclusion, the current budget and performance evaluation system, which is mainly bottom up with top down guidance, matches the decentralized structure of Citibank. Although there seems to be trade-offs and problems with Citibank’s current bottom up budgeting system, there is no perfect budget system to optimally serve all the different purposes of budgeting. What Citibank can do is to put in place measures to minimize some of these shortcomings. 2. Are managers at Citibank committed to achieving budget targets? Yes, managers are committed as a result of their freedom to set their own budgets subject to guidelines provided by top management. Mr Mistri can choose to operate with a self imposed sovereign risk limit which is lower than the one approved by the New York Headquarter if he thinks that the one set by the top management is too aggressive. The fact that he has control over this means that he will be less pressurised to set unrealistic goals or engage in budget slacks. These will garner higher commitment from managers since the budgets set are not restrictive and offer flexibility to managers according to the business conditions. The commitment to achieve targets is augmented as incentive compensation for managers is linked to budget-related performance. Thus they will work towards getting more incentives for themselves through surpassing the budgeted forecast. On the other hand, the amount of commitment may be limited by the constant revision of budgets each quarter. Managers may be less motivated to hit their budget target if they know that those targets can be revised lower in the next quarter if performance was unsatisfactory. In addition, the frequent changes may make managers unfocused and reduce their motivation to work towards the goals set. If so, are the budget targets too challenging? The targets may prove to be too challenging. This can be shown by the fact that although incentive compensation could range up to 70% of base salary, awards of 30-35% were more typical, implying that it may be difficult to surpass the budgeted levels. Furthermore, Mr Mistri felt that the increased profit goal by $500K to $1mil set by Mr Gibson is too much as the budget he submitted is already very aggressive, judging by the bleak short term outlook due to the decrease in oil prices. This is supported by the self-imposed sovereign risk limit that Mr Mistri is operating at in order to minimise his exposure which will reduce the likelihood of the firm achieving higher returns due to the lower risk. We also doubt the achievability of the budget set. Though the forecasts and budgets are set by the operating managers themselves, we have to take into consideration Citibank’s risk-taking culture. While challenging targets induce motivation, the aggressive year-on-year increase in targets might prove to be detrimental to the achievement of the firm’s strategic objectives. Firstly, this is especially so when targets are not adjusted in times of bad macroeconomic conditions. With the incentive compensation for managers linked to budget-related performance, it seems that managers might be motivated to set unrealistic targets and employ excessively risky methods to accomplish them. Such a system would eventually serve to promote short-term gains at the expense of long-term losses for the organisation. In addition, the practice of comparing actual performance to budgeted amount monthly is too short termed and may render managers to become myopic. This may encourage managers to engage in gamesmanship such as earnings management, manipulating data to receive additional bonuses especially towards the end of a quarter. Is there any evidence of budget gaming? Yes, there is evidence of budget gaming. The main reason Mr Mistri used to justify his less than ideal budget (as compared to Mr Gibson’s) is likely to be false and there are unhealthy motivations for him to engage in such behaviour. Mr Mistri justified his budget by claiming that the Indonesian economy had slipped into a recession when oil prices decreased significantly. This is supported by the fact that Citibank’s Indonesian operations growth paralleled that of the Indonesian economy. However, evidence in Exhibit 4 suggests otherwise, revealing both the net and inflation-adjusted GDP of Indonesia to be increasing steadily over time. Even in 1983, GDP increased 5%. Moreover, a fall in oil prices will not necessarily lead to a recession. As such, Mr Mistri’s concerns are unlikely to be true and a simple check by the group managers would have allowed this to be uncovered. Moreover, even though Indonesia’s economy is highly dependent on oil prices, a fall in oil prices is also likely to affect Citibank’s other operations in different regions. The group managers will probably have considered this effect when setting the $4mil profit goal for South East Asia. In our opinion, Mr Mistri is likely to be acting as a Sandbagger. By presenting less ambitious budgets, there will be higher likelihood of positive variances in actual performance. Given that compensation is tied to budget-related performance, such gaming behavior will probably increase Mr Mistri’s bonuses and salary. Another motive for budget gaming could be to cover up the ongoing high staff turnover problem with the bad economic conditions. Mr Mistri just lost his chief of staff and two senior officers, and is concerned with constraints to growth due to his lack of experienced staff. This could in turn affect his bonus and salary. Since managers are not accountable for extraordinary earnings or losses at Citibank, by blaming the external economy (recession) for a less aggressive budget rather than on internal problems, his bonuses will not be affected. Furthermore, Mr Minstri has the freedom to operate at a sovereign risk limit lower than the group’s since country managers are given substantial autonomy in deciding their country’s budget and risk limits. He is likely to be able to get away with a less than optimal budget if his group manager trusts him. This way, his budget gaming behavior will escape the suspicions of Mr Gibson and other group/division managers.

The Net Domestic Products (NDP) Equals The Gross Dmestic Product (GDP) Essay Example for Free

The Net Domestic Products (NDP) Equals The Gross Dmestic Product (GDP) Essay The net domestic product (NDP) equals the gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation on a countrys capital goods. Net domestic product accounts for capital that has been consumed over the year in the form of housing, vehicle, or machinery deterioration. The depreciation accounted for is often referred to as capital consumption allowance and represents the amount of capital that would be needed to replace those depreciated assets. If the country is not able to replace the capital stock lost through depreciation, then GDP will fall. In addition, a growing gap between GDP and NDP indicates increasing obsolescence of capital goods, while a narrowing gap means that the condition of capital stock in the country is improving. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a countrys standard of living;[2][3] GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income (See Standard of living and GDP). Under economic theory, GDP per capita exactly equals the gross domestic income (GDI) per capita (See Gross domestic income). GDP is related to national accounts, a subject in macroeconomics. GDP is not to be confused with gross national product (GNP) which allocates production based on ownership. The University Grants Commission (UGC) of India is a statutory organisation set up by Union government in 1956, for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of university education. It provides recognition for universities in India, and provides funds for government-recognised universities and colleges. Prof. Ved Prakash, a noted academician and education administrator, is the Chairman of UGC, India. Its headquarters are in New Delhi, and six regional centres in Pune, Bhopal, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Bangalore.

History Of Legal Systems In Communist States History Essay

History Of Legal Systems In Communist States History Essay In most communist states the official name of legal system been used is called socialist law. It is well known to be said in that way, basically it is based on the system of civil law with a lot of changes and addition from the ideology of Marxist-Leninist. In Marxist terms, a socialist state is said a state that has abolished capitalism and going towards communism. But Vladimir Lenin on the other hand argued that as socialism is replaced by communism. Besides that Fredrick Engels argued the state in socialism is not a government of people, but the administration of things. Other Pre-Marxist socialists such as Henri de Saint-Simon, understand that socialism will change the nature of the state from of that political rule (via compulsion) over people and change into a scientific administration of things and a path of processes of production where the state would turn out to be a coordinating economic body. Early Marxist conception of a socialist state one of the most leading modern vis ions of a socialist state was based on the Paris community, where the city of Paris been taken over by workers and poor people in 1871. Karl Marx described the Paris community as the model for a radical government of the future, the form at last discovered for the liberation of the waged people. Friedrich Engels noted that all officials doesnt matter high or low, were paid only the pay which received by other workers. In this way an efficient fence to place-hunting and careerism was laid down up. Engels continued From the birth the Commune was compelled to recognize that once working class come to power could not manage with the old state mechanism. Once having conquered power In order not to be overthrown. Engels argues that working class must, on the one hand, do away with all the old suppressive system previously used against it itself and at the same time safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all without exclusion, matter to recall at any tim e. That type of state would be a temporary affair he said. Engels continued that a new generation brought up in new and free social situation, will be able to throw the whole load of the state on the scrap-heap. in 1917 These thoughts were adopted by Vladimir Lenin just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in The State and revolution a vital text for many Marxists. Socialists recognize social welfare states with modern social democratic policies like the one in Sweden, to be capitalist states. Few social democratic Reformist Marxists, such as the Minister of Health in the first post-war Labour government, Aneurin Bevan who introduced the UK National Health Service, also came up with an observation that welfare programs, such as health care which at the point of use for all its free of charge, are concessions forced on capitalism by the struggles of the working class and a pure Socialism embryo of the new socialist people gestating within capitalist society. Basica lly this example shows that such conceptions lead the taxation to pay for these services is planned to be in use mostly if not completely from the capitalist group, through a tax on corporation earnings. Those who earn less than  £50,000 in todays money ( £500 then) only paid 5.3% in tax from the year after the service was introduced in the UK in 1948. These Marxists take the view that welfare programs should be safeguarded and enhanced with further nationalizations .After Lenins death and the collapse of the worldwide revolution envisaged by Lenin and Trotsky, these ideas were neglected. Few states from the past and present have claimed following some form of Marxist ideology, generally Marxism-Leninism. They call themselves as socialist states DEVELOPMENT The Soviet Union was the earliest to call itself a socialist state in its 1936 Constitution and a following 1977 one. Beside that another famous example is the Peoples Republic of China, which claims that, a socialist state i n its Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China 1982. That kind of states in west are usually known as communist states although they do not refer them self using this term. There are some other countries use the term socialist in their official name or constitution without following communism or any of its derivatives which known as non-communist countries. In that kind of scenario, the proposed meaning of socialism can differ broadly, and at times the constitutional references to socialism comes from previous time of the countrys history and it been just followed. Examples of countries which using the word socialist in that type of non-communist sense is the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Differ from the Countries with non-communist use to socialism in their constitutions such as India and Portugal. In the post-war period, the post -war European countries when nationalization was fairly widespread, it was some thing common for commentators to call some European countries as socialist states. There is argument as to whether socialist law ever had constituted a different legal system or not. If yes, preceding to the end of the Cold War, Socialist Law would be ranked as one of the the major legal systems of the world. Many current observers no longer see that to be in that way, due to similarities with the civil law system and the truth that it is no longer in broad use following the dismantling of most communist states. as civil law systems have habitually put great trouble in defining the idea of private property, how then it will be acquired, transferred, or missing, socialist law systems supply for most property to be owned by the state or agricultural cooperative and by having particular courts and laws for state enterprises. Many scholars argue that socialist law is not separate legal categorization, although the recent economy approach of the communist states tells that property could not be owned, the Soviet Union always come with their civil code, courts that interpreted this code and a civil law approach to legal reasoning largely same to the French or German civil code system. Legal systems in all socialist states potted formal criteria of Romano-Germanic civil law, because of this reason; law theorists in post-socialist states usually believe the Socialist law as a particular case of the Romano-Germanic civil law. Cases of growth of common law into Socialist law are unknown because of inappropriateness of basic values of these two systems where common law usually presumes influential rule-making role of courts while courts in socialist states usually play a dependent role. According to Karl Marx and other socialist thinkers they believe socialism and law are unable to get along. It has been argued that the aspects of socialist law came from Stalinism are actually found somewhere else in the world in other jurisdictions and so its not truly socialist. Soviet law showed many special characteristics that brought from the socialist character of the Soviet state and reflected Marxist-Leninist ideology. Lenin accepted the Marxist outset of the law and the state as instruments of coercion in the hands of the bourgeoisie and postulated the creation of popular, informal tribunals to administer revolutionary justice. One of the main theoreticians of Soviet socialist legality in this early phase was PÄâ€Å"teris StuÄ ka. Alongside this utopian trend was one of the critical concepts of proletarian justice, represented by Evgeny Pashukanis. A dictatorial trend developed that teaches the use of law and legal institutions to restrain all opposition to the government. This trend reached its peak under Stalin with the dominance of Andrey Vyshinsky, when the administration of justice was carried out mainly by the security police in special tribunals. During the de-Stalinization of the Khrushchev era, a new trend developed, based on sociali st legality, which stressed the need to protect the procedural and rights of citizens, while still calling for admiration to the state. Although socialist legality continued to be in force after 1960, the dictatorial and utopian style continued to interfere the legal process. Harassment of political and religious dissenters continual, but at the same time there was a tendency to make legal offenses lesser by giving them over to peoples courts and administrative agencies and dealing with them by education rather than by confinement. By late 1986, the Gorbachev era was pushing about individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who go against procedural law in implementing Soviet justice. This brought socialist legality as the one of main trend. It should be noted, that socialist legality itself still lacked features compared with Western jurisprudence. In particular, the vital control of the legal system is in the hand of the partys leadership, which was not democr atically elected by and so they are not responsible to public at large Characteristic traits Socialist law is similar to common law or civil law but with a very much increased public law sector and decreased private law sector. CHARACTERISTIC One of the main characteristic is that partial or total exclusion of the former ruling classes from the public life at very early stages of existence of each socialist state but however, in all socialist states this policy slowly changed into the policy of one socialist nation without classes. Other than that diversity of political views directly forbidden or condemned by legislation and moving on the ruling Communist party was known as above the law system where in many cases party functionaries were not subject to criminal prosecution but rather to disciplinary measures, private property was measured as remainder of the society and as such been harmful this resulted in high degree of collectivization and nationalization of property. Another c haracteristic is that low respect for privacy, wide control of the party over private life low respect for academic property, unless owned by the state. Widespread social warrants of the state the rights to a job and free education as example in return for a high degree of social recruitment and a low degree of human rights. And one of the last is that the judicial process lacks adversary character where public prosecution is seen as provider of justice.A specific institution characteristic to Socialist law was the so-called bur law court which decided on minor offence. IN PRACTISE when the Labour Party is in power in the UK, some commentator claims that Britain is run by a socialist government and argues that Britain is a socialist state while under that government. These countries were led at times by parties associated to the 2nd International which are at times termed as social democratic parties. Some of the commentator argued that states which support a policy of welfare state provision or practice partial state involvement into financial activity are socialist states or republics. Some other term the 2008 bail-out of the banks Socialism telling that USA and UK have become socialist but these clarion call remarks are dismissed by government spokespersons as for the bailouts are more analytic of protectionism. In February 2009, Republican politician and political critic from the Fox News channel Mike Huckabee where he was one of the Republican candidate in the Primaries of the USA presidential appointment campaigns of 2008 argued that, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics maybe dead but the Union of American Socialist Republics is being born. Not so long after that Fox News critic argued that Obama had accomplished something that I never thought any American president can do. Hes literally taken us out from a capitalist economy to socialism. In May 2009 Although support for socialism has risen in the USA, Obama claimed impeccable free market credentials when questioned, and continued in June 2009 the Director of the White Houses National Economic Council for the US President, Lawrence Summers on the other hand while protecting state interference to control speculators activities tell the reporters that US was not in danger of shifting to a socialist state. Economic liberal and socialist opponents of the claim that improving welfare payback or rising state regulation of financial activity make a state socialist argued that the continual process of capitalist economics in free market states such as the USA shows that, state with welfare reforms is still a capitalist state where its showing to various type of welfare state capitalism such as the social market economy, Rhine capitalism and Keynesian economics. Because most socialists do not claim that welfare provision will make a state socialist, socialists nevertheless hold up welfare provision in the capitalist state. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES There are few Advantages in my personal view for this legal system such as in this kind of Participatory government, Socialism is predicated on democratic power devolving to individual councils of ordered labor. Besides that lower rates of crime will take place because when people are not put into desperate circumstances, they are less likely to commit acts of violence .Higher overall standard of living and quality of life. There are also few disadvantages can be seen such as less incentive for structural and technological, fewer chances for technological innovation. Unless accompanied by a political program directed at the eventual dismantling of the state, Socialism represents the growth of the state and, potentially, more all-encompassing state interruption into the lives of individuals. COUNTRIES APPLYING IT TODAY Examples of countries currently known as communist states are such as Peoples Republic of China(since October 1, 1949),Republic of Cuba (since January 1, 1959),North Korea Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (since September 9, 1948),Laos Lao Peoples Democratic Republic(since December 2, 1975), declared themselves to be socialist states under the Marxist-Leninist definition (in the west known as, Communist states) Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (April 27, 1978 April 28, 1992) and Albania Socialist Peoples Republic of Albani. Among the left over communist governments, most notably is the Peoples Republic of China where have added extensive modifications to their legal systems. In common, this is a result of their market-concentrated economic changes. However, some communist influence yet can be seen. For example, in Chinese real estate law there is no united concept of real property the state owns all land but usually not the structures that sit on that land. A rather complicated ad hoc system of use rights to land property has developed, and these use rights are the things being formally traded rather than the property itself, for example in the case of urban residential property, the system fallout in something which resembles real property dealings in other legal systems. Move on in other cases, the Chinese system results in something different. For example, it is a common fallacy that reforms under Deng Xiaoping resulted in the privatization of agricultural land and a formation of a land tenure system looks same to those found in Western countries. In reality, the village committee owns the land and the right to use this land to individual farmers who may use it to make money from agriculture. Hence the rights that are normally combined in Western economies are broken between the individual farmer and the village group. This has a number of penalties. One of them is that because the farmer dont have an absolute right to change the land, he cannot lend against his use rights. On the other hand, there are some insurance against risk in thi s system where the farmer can return his land to the village committee if he made his mind that he going to other business and stop farming and if this business dont work, he can get a new contract with the village committee and return to do farming back. The fact that the land is redistributable by the village committee also ensures that no one is left to be landless hence this creates a form of social benefit. There are a lot proposal been made to change this system and they have tended to be in the direction of fully privatizing rural land for the assumed idea of increasing effectiveness. These proposals did not get any major support, largely because the current system is famous among the farmers themselves. There is little risk that the village committee will try to enforce a bad contract on the farmers, since this would lessen the amount of money the village committee getting. At the same time, the farmer has some flexibility to decide whether they want to continue farming or l eave and get into others business or to come back again for farming as well. IN TODAYS CONTENT AND REPUTATION one of the great examples will be China, A correct request of the joint contact of morals and law is a powerful instrument for improving the construction of modern socialism. By developing socialist democracy China has strengthened the legal system developed and perfected the system of representation of the people in assembly, and recognized a sequence of important laws and acts. As a result, there are laws to which one can option in a variety of aspects of national and social life, the legitimacy of law been ensured and the socialist democracy is obsessed of a systematic legal value. Everyone is equal before the law and the law is not to be changed by the  flat-off of the heads of the country. This legal spirit has become obvious in such different aspects of social life as to maintain the social order, building a sturdy economy, opening the door to the exterior world, sec uring legitimate civil rights and establish an sincere management. It is essential not only to resort to law, but also to impose it strictly. At the same time the decision-making function of the peoples representative assembly as regards government and authority should be strengthened as should public direction over state officials according to a norm of law. This practice shows the mutual checks and balances of powers which are in line with the interests of the entire people and are one of a main feature in the building of the legal system necessary to modern socialism. Socialist political democracy has allowed the Chinese people, who consist one fifth of the worlds population to be masters of their own country and society, and have the benefit of wide democratic rights. This is a great input for the growth of the political civilization of mankind. Chinas socialist political democracy accords with the national circumstances ensure that the people give full play to their eagerness, initiative and creativity in structure and managing the state as masters of the country and society, and uphold Chinas economic development and social development in an all angles. In spite of the marvelous achievements scored in constructing a socialist political democracy, the CPC and the Chinese people are conscious of the many problems which yet to be overcome. One of the main problems are that The democratic system is not yet perfect besides the peoples right to manage state and social affairs, economic and cultural undertakings as owners of the country in a socialist market economy are not realized fully. Other than that, laws that have already been enacted are at times not completely been observed or enforced hence the violations of the law go unpunished sometimes. Bureaucracy and dishonesty still exist and increase in some departments and locality and the mechanism of self-control and supervision over the use of power needs to be improved. Other than this the idea of democra cy and legal consciousness of the entire society needs to be further improved and the political involvement of society in an orderly way should be extended. The socialist system has been introduced and used in China for only a few decades which is a short time when compared with other social systems adopted in the history of mankind. To keep civilizing and developing socialist political democracy to allow the people to fully enjoy and use their rights as the owner of the country has been always the solid goal of all the enterprise of the CPC and Chinese people. At current and for a time to come, the CPC and the Chinese government will actively and progressively push advance the reform of the system attach to and develop the socialist democratic system, reinforce and improve the socialist legal system, reform and progress the method of leadership and law of the CPC, reform and improve the governments decision making process, promote the reform of the system of administrative organiza tion, improve the reform of the judicial system, expand the reform of the cadre and persons system, reinforce the restraint and care over power, go all-out to sustain social stability, and encourage economic development and social progress in all angles. The huge achievements of the structure of the socialism with Chinese personality have made the CPC and the Chinese people full of confidence in moving on the road of political growth chosen by them. In line with the economic development and social evolution, Chinas socialist political democracy will be further perfected, and with its huge advantages and strong energy, fully established. In the future, the Chinese people will surely enjoy more and more extensive fruits of their political society although they have a poor reputation last time. SUMMARY The history and reality of human political civilization have showed that there is no one single and absolute democratic mode in the world that is universally useable. whether a political system is democratic or not, depends on the will of the overpowering majority of the people is completely reflected, whether their rights as masters of the country are fully seen, and whether their legitimate rights and interests are fully ensured, to conclude its not about the system overall but rather how the system been applied because all system have some minus and plus points, with some modification and good leaders it will work.

The Handmaid’s Tale : A Product Of Debates :: Free Essay Writer

The Handmaid’s Tale : A Product Of Debates Often times a reader finds that a character in a novel resembles the author’s friend or a distant relative. There is almost always some connection to the author, his surroundings, or events in his life. The Handmaid’s Tale reflects the life of Margaret Atwood on a much stronger level. It is a product of debates within the feminist movement of the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Atwood has been much a part of that movement. The defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment, the rise of the religious right, the election of Ronald Regan and many other historical events led writers like Atwood to fear the antifeminist movements. With these fears came the ideas the antifeminist could not only provide more gains for women but turn back the clock on the rights that they had already fought to receive. Atwood uses her novel to examine some of the traditional attitudes in the religious right which she finds threatening. At the beginning of the novel we are given this bible ref erence: Genesis 30: 1-3 â€Å"And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.† This is one of several passages that justifies a man to have sex and children by his servants. Atwood takes this idea and extrapolates from it outrageously. In her â€Å"Afterword† she tells the reader that the religious aspects, â€Å"go back to my study of the American Puritans.†(Atwood 316) The American Puritans founded a society different than democracy as we know it, a theocracy. Atwood said she found herself, â€Å"increasingly alarmed by statements made frequently by religious leaders in the United States; and then a variety of events from around the world could not be ignored, particularly the rising fanaticism of the Iranian monotheocracy.† (Atwood 316 ) During the 1980’s many people debated about the feminist attitudes toward sexuality and their attitudes toward pornography. Many different views were expressed. Some said that all erotica depicting women as sexual objects is demeaning. Others argued that pornography was bad but erotica could be g ood, that â€Å"although pornography is demeaning the protection of civil liberties is a greater good which requires the toleration of freedom for pornographers.

Ethics and Management Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics

â€Å"We have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; We know now that it is also bad economics† (Franklin Delano Roosevelt as cited in Godwin, 2008; Good Money & Quotes, 2010) 1. Introduction Business Industry has witnessed the outcomes of bad moral decisions taken by business leaders. Enron’s story is only one example of corporate scandals and cases of bad moral decisions, which has not only shaken the public trust in corporations, but also affected the bank accounts of investors and employees. Before the bankruptcy of Enron; it was included in one of the fortune 500 companies after its fraudulent accounting case the share went down to $1 (Enron scandal, 2010; PBS, 2002; Godwin, 2006; Godwin, 2008). The â€Å"bad apples† which create fraudulent are now facing prison terms, they are not morally bad character people they just face this because of their limited conceptual schema and don’t consider moral values while making decisions. Mostly managers are known for moral values, and they are not greedy and egoists, the underlying issue is that they have narrow perspective on a particular situation so they don’t view the moral consequences of their decisions. They actually lack the ability to imagine a range of possible issues, consequences and solutions. So just because of their shorter insight they make wrong moral decisions which later give undesirable impacts to society and business as well (Godwin, 2006, Godwin, 2008; Werhane and Moriarty, 2009). Business Industry has also witnessed some business leaders who have taken such a good moral decisions that result in mutual benefit to the company and wider society. Literature shows different instances of companies like Seventh Generation, Fuji Xerox, or Green Mountain ... ...Werhane, P.H., Dunham, L. (2002) ‘Moral Imagination: A Bridge between ethics and entrepreneurship’ [Online]. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=252654 (Accessed: 06 March 2010). [35] Werhane, P.H. (2006) ‘Access, Responsibility, and Funding: A Systems Thinking Approach to Universal Access to Oral Health’, Journal of Dental Education, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1184-1195. [36] Werhane, P.H., Moriarty, B. (2009) ‘Moral Imagination and Management Decision-making’ [Online]. Available at: http://www.corporateethics.org/pdf/moral_imagination.pdf (Accessed: 06 March 2010). [37] Yashiro, K., Yoshida, T., Suzuki, Y. (no date) ‘Training on Corporate Social Responsibility in Japanese Companies: Based on a Survey’ [38] Young, G. (2008) ‘Advisory Panel and Committees’, Encyclopedia of Business ethics and society, vol. 5, no. 1.

Finding the Light in the Dark with Bipolar Disorder Essay example -- B

Finding the Light in the Dark with Bipolar Disorder Affecting nearly one percent of the population of the United States, bipolar disorder has quickly become one of the leading forms of mental illness (Spearing). While advancements in medical science and technology have allowed researchers and physicians to understand its elements more clearly, the effects of bipolar disorder are tragic and often deadly. Often the negative results occur due to a lack of proper diagnosis: some seventy-five percent of bipolar cases go untreated (Spearing). Through proper education and public awareness, this serious disease can be properly diagnosed, treated and possibly cured. Bipolar disorder, as defined by the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, is a mood disorder that causes a person to suffer extreme emotional changes and shifts in mood. Previously known as manic-depressive disorder, bipolar disorder causes alternate periods of mania and depression. To fully understand the effects of this disease, it is important to comprehend the meanings of mania and depression. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines mania as â€Å"excitement manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behavior, and elevation of mood.† Depression, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death.† (Merriam-Webster). The combination of the two results in emotional chaos. Of all psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder is the most common, affecting between one and two million Americans (Spearing). While it affects males and females equally, there are a few distinctions that can be made about those who do have it. Amongst men, early onset bipolar disorder is more frequent while there is higher rate of rapid cycling, mixed states, and cyclothymia in women (Wurztel 28-31). Also, according to one survey, an estimated 59% of bipolar patients experienced their first symptoms when they were children or adolescents (Harakas G2). Studies show that bipolar disorder occurs in 1% of all age groups (Bipolar Survivor). Evanston Northwestern Hospital claims, â€Å"There is some indication that the incidence of bipolar disorder may be increasing.† While it is important to understand that bipolar disorder is a disease separa... ...ith, Gwendolyn Puryear, Ellen McGrath, Nancy Felipe Russo and Bonnie R. Strickland, eds. Women and Depression: Risk Factors and Treatment Issues. Baltimore: Electronic Publishing Services, 1990. Lieblich, Julia. "Managing a Manic Depressive." Harvard Business Review .May-June (1994): 20-32. McAtee, Jane. Personal interview. 1 Nov. 2003. McCredie, Scott. â€Å"When a Child is Mentally Troubled: Warning Signs Help Parents Know When to Seek Help.† The Seattle Times. 2 Oct. 2002: A7. McManamy, John. McMan's Depression and Bipolar Web. 1 Oct. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 . Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster Online: the Language Center. 1 Oct. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 . Pendulum Resources. Bipolar Information. 23 Sep. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 . Spearing, Melissa. Bipolar Disorder. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 2003. Stuttaford, Dr. Thomas. â€Å"Mania That Inspired a Genius.† The Times. 29 May 2003, sec. Features, Health: 8 Wetzel, Mary C. "Strengths and Limits: Report by a Bipolar/Unipolar Self-Help Group." Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 14 #4 (Apr 91): 81-86 Wurztel, Elizabeth. Prozac Nation: Young and Depressed in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994.

Passion That Drives School Leadership

Passion That Drives School Leadership As I have read from the article about Passion that Drives School Leadership, the leaders will be effective if he or she is doing work with passion. This article Is Inspiring, informative and challenging to the one aspiring to become a leader. This is Emphasizing the important of passion In leadership. It says that it Is a powerful, Intense emotion or boundless enthusiasm.I can say that If there Is a passion It Is showing of dedication of the leaders doing his work and not all leaders of the efferent school are passionate but according to this article, not all school administrators who lack of passion are losers. Teachers and other school officials and even the superintendent can give best to perform their task with passion. This article Imparted the Indication of administrator who lack of passion. A leader who never prepared everything and never to expend so much time In his duties and responsibility. The one always waits for the free day until h e reaches his retirement.This is also mentioning some example of passionate leaders like the superintendent who decided to go back to a classroom teaching and the one who was an accident victim resulting to her disability but she never been hopeless by the obstacle to do her desire to continue teaching behind difficulties. One of the best in this article, it gave of example of intense passion among teachers and school administrators. Passionate leaders spread passion to others through their love of life, doing new hangs, taking risks, being motivated, having a sense of urgency, and reinventing self.It is a long list, but lye narrowed these descriptions of passion down to four, main leadership behaviors. Passionate people are optimistic, have a great story, involve people, and have a simple, recharge strategy. Passion is the power to simplify our work by providing focus and direction. It helps to inspires others and it has an ability to move leaders and their organization from good t o great and beyond. The teacher or administrator may retire; but the passion doesn't.

My Reflection of Rollo May’s Existentialism Psychology

Rollo May’s Existentialism Psychology:An Overview to His TheoryAfter many years of his hardships in conducting clinical research, May was able to postulate a new way of looking at human beings. With such newly evolved point of view, May saw people as living in the world of present experiences and ultimately being responsible for who they become. Many people, he believed, lack the courage to face their destiny, and in the process of fleeing from it, they give up much of their freedom. Having negated their freedom, they likewise run away from their responsibility. Not being willing to make choices, they lose sight of who they are and develop a sense of insignificance and alienation. In contrast, healthy people challenge their destiny, cherish their freedom, and live authentically with other people and with themselves.They recognize the inevitability of death and have the courage to live life in the present. These thoughts of Rollo May, I believe, had caught my interest to furthe r elaborate the essence of his theory through my own way of explaining. With these, I will be going to set aside all of the other theories. To be bias at this time, I believe will be of good help in further expressing my appreciation so as to justify the reasons behind why I like his theory of personality. At a first glance, I was quite intrigued with the way he was able to come up with his explanation of the personality. And through my first reading, Rollo May’s ideas made me realize that my outlook in life can be somehow reflected to his theories.Existentialism: A Reflection of My LifeRollo May’s view of people was highly influenced by the writings of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard who opposed attempts in seeing people merely as objects, but at the same time, he opposed the view that subjective perceptions are one’s only reality. What Kierkegaard was mainly concerned of is that both the experiencing person and the person’s experience contribute in understanding h uman beings. In view of this thought, I realized that the events taking into place and the one who is experiencing such event are very essential in explaining life.I was raised with a pure Catholic Faith instilled in my mind, heart and soul. I can still remember the very first time I asked my parents about God’s existence and how great he really is to have control over our lives. I was then a third grader and was influenced maybe with Religion class for it was also my first time to enter such. Now, I can say, I have, partly, the answers to my questions.As May stated, existence takes precedence over essence. The process by which we are in control in becoming and emerging to what we want to be. To exist actively and authentically is one thing that we should consider in our search for truth. Since I became more aware of the happenings around me, I assume I was then starting in my search for identity, freedom and true responsibility – all these constitutes in the truth of life.I also believe that each of us is ultimately responsible of who we are and what we become and that we cannot blame others such as our parents, teachers, employers, God, or circumstances in what we do with ourselves. â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.† We cannot deny the saying which turned to be a basic truth in a person’s life, â€Å"No man is an island.† As in my way of living, I may associate with others in productive and healthy relationships, but at the end of the day, I still realized that I am alone working for a purpose.I realized that my parents are just there to guide me and be the best examples that they can be for me to emulate. I maybe see myself always in almost all situations of my life to being with my friends. We may share things that I have; we may do things together to attain a goal; we may have the same interests and joy in life, but, still, at the end of the day, I just ponder and realized that I was just really mak ing my choice – my choice to become what I can be so as to become a psychologically healthy individual contributing significant things into the society.Life and death are two opposing forces which somehow lead us to become a being-in-the-world or a nonbeing. As I observe, in every tasks – whether it be simple or complicated – my only thought in finishing such task is to give  justice of having life and living it to the fullest. To have a life is my goal but I do not consider death as my destiny because my main goal now is eternal life with God – my savior. Death, maybe, is inevitable and for me the thought of it will just deprived me of doing well in life.I believe that people adapt to the natural world, relate to others as humans, and have a keen awareness of what all these experiences mean to them and these would mean to an established healthy individual which I am really striving for, most especially, during these times with which hurdles in life are presented continuously. Since I enter college and enroll in Psychology, my way of thinking and attaining life-goals changed. I shall say that it became more mature as I would have to strive harder to meet the expectations of my family which I chose to comply with. This implies that my parents may be associated in my search for truth but still, I am the only one working for it literally and with the emotional support of significant others. This is my ultimate choice.Anxiety and Guilt: Problems in Fulfilling PotentialitiesWe cannot deny the fact that we are encountering problems in times of difficulties with which we are to achieve, at some point, our potentialities in life. Anxiety and guilt arises and there is no doubt that we cannot help but to deal with it so as to holistically achieve our full potentialities as human beings and for us to hone these into a full-blown ability which we’ll be needing in times of crises and another uprisings of unpleasant feelings like worries and doubts.During times like this, I realized that intentions should exist in the inner self so as to able to choose and act on the choices I made in my daily life. There are many instances of my school life wherein I failed to build up intentions – intentions such as passing the exam or getting a high score and performing at my best. Sometimes I tend to fail and this, I believe, is because I do not have firm intentions in life which turns to be a key in overcoming anxiety and guilt.But there are times also that I’m able to utilize pure intentions which gives meaning to my experiences and, in turn,  allows me to make decisions for a bright future. Firm and strong intentions, I believe is a strong foundation in utilizing potentialities at its peak and at the same time, it serves to be an anchor in putting up more mature decisions. Care, Love, and Will:More Than Just Empathy-BuildingAssociated with the unpleasant feelings which were noted as the emotional uprisings wh en people are presented with difficulties and problems are the build-up of the most essential feelings and attitude a human being should possess. I guess these three are important in a sense that it bridges the gaps which are just more than learning or knowing others’ emotions.Care, love, and will plays important roles in our daily lives for these three aspects do not just create pleasant and wanted reactions or forms of intimate interpersonal relationships but also because I believe that these three should be considered as the soul-base of attaining freedom and confronting your destiny. As May would say, â€Å"To care for someone means to recognize that person as a fellow human being, to identify with that person’s pain or joy, guilt or pity.† This merely suggests that caring is given for those who you think deserve it and also, it can’t be given for just somebody but for someone who means a lot to you.Of course, as an active human being we are expected and somehow obliged to show care and respect to our fellow human beings as we are just the same kind of living beings whose primary aim is to seek affection from others in order to give that attention back. Since care is an active process, it should neither be limited nor be stopped in instances such as negative emotional outbursts because in such manner, negative feelings can be easily replaced with positive ones.Moreover, to love will never be the same of caring but to care is the source of love. To love is to recognize the essential humanity of the person and also, to accept what can be unacceptable with that person. Talking about things like this, others might say, can be a waste of time for they might also insist that they already know the true meaning behind this. But the point here is that care and love don’t just tackle intimacy or sexual arousal but it talks about how really it is conquering all things on earth.Will, on the other hand, was believed to be rooted from care. It is viewed as the capacity to organize one’s self so that movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take place. Will initiates our desire to do actions in fulfilling our wildest wishes or dreams. We sometimes tell ourselves that if there’s a will, there’s a way which implies that we do really have the capacity to build the will from ourselves so as to develop self-esteem and self-worth which are important factors in the development of a strong and firm intention to do such action.There may be times that my will is not that strong to motivate me, but when I think that it will be for the betterment of others and not just to me, I always try hard to push more so there’ll be no regrets at the end of the day. Freedom:An Understanding of our DestinyOur own way and style of having freedom in our lives depicts how our destiny can be modified or challenged. Although freedom is not that easy to attain, the joy of having it would tell us t hat we are really determined to challenge our destiny. To be free does not necessarily mean to be able to do the things that you’ve been wishing for your life. These are what you call existential freedom wherein we just enjoy all the good things happening to our life at present and worrying no more with what the future could bring. We made choices and we act on it.That’s the way existential freedom should be. Since we are imprisoned of our own destiny, it makes us less aware of the freedom of doing but with the essential freedom. We are born in this world with questions in mind with which we are motivated to search for answers regarding the true essence and meaning of our lives. Without destiny, then, we have no freedom, but without freedom our destiny is meaningless.The Role Of Myths in My LifeAccording to Rollo May, people who lack myths to believe in turned to  religious cults, drug addiction, and popular culture in a vain effort to find meaning in their lives. He also contended that myths are not falsehoods but rather, he sees it as conscious and unconscious belief systems that provide explanations for personal and social problems.People use myths and symbols to transcend the immediate concrete situation, to expand self-awareness, and to search for identity. Believing in myths I believe can do no harm for anybody as long as it is not causing social impairment to the individual and into his society. The myths of May can be compared to Jung’s archetypes which are considered as the avenues to universal images that lie beyond individual experience.I, myself, have some myths which help me, I believe, in the betterment of my psychological well-being for I know these would have benefits on me like it would allow me in opening up a new reality.To Challenge Destiny: My Favorite Theory of PersonalityDestiny is our destination and our goal. It seems to be like a force for us to be triggered, to be motivated and to be ignited to face the challen ges and solve the problems that life has to offer. Just as I allow destiny to mold me, there are times also that I was like awakened of the thought that waiting for it to take place will be a waste of time. I also allow myself to respond the way I want to respond to the absurdities of life to be able to prove that destiny does not dictate how my life should be working. With this, I don’t let my destiny dictates me of my outlook in life.As we challenge our destiny, we gain freedom, and as we achieve freedom, we push at the boundaries of destiny. I would say that to challenge destiny is my primary mission right now most especially that I am facing a lot of hardships in school. But I will not disregard or deny the possibility that real life begins on the outside world wherein, at that time, I will be no longer showing my potentials in the four walls of the classroom but instead, it will be evolving into a bigger place or dimension where many competitors will be present and will be more ready to spice up my quest for a  well-defined-destiny.As a student, I have been looking for answers in my true identity with which I may be able to relate well to others. I have been also, looking for the things that will satisfy my needs just as what other theorists would suggest but I think Rollo May’s Existential Psychology helped me realized more the true essence of living for a purpose. I might be very expressive in showing my appreciation to May’s theory but still it just ignited my desire to push through life as good as it can be. As a son, it made me more realize the fact that I have my parents living with me and supporting me always. They serve as my support system although I understand that at the end of the day I am a single individual working for my own purpose. But still, I know that I exist up to this day because of them and their very good upbringing.As a friend, I now knew the true meaning of showing care, love, and will not just to those per son who are close to me but to every single person I meet in every day of my life. They are the best company that I can ever have. They are really the best buddies I can ever have in good or tough times, but still I always see to it that I will be not dependent on them most especially when I’m at school doing assignments projects and any other requirements. This attitude of mine is my own way of taking preparations for my future endeavors and also, for me to be really able to do the molding and modification of my most to be expected and to be geared up aspect of my existence – destiny.As a child of God, I now realized the reasons why he gave me the potentials I knew that I can make use of to excel in every manner of my daily living. Prayers will always be at the top of my most used weapon in challenging my destiny. it will always be my first defense in coping with all the changes that life will be presenting. Existentialism made me realize all these. It just helped me mold my belief of things that are not that vivid to me before. But now that I have already all these belief systems, I will be making sure that on the next single conversations that I will have in the future, I will see to it that I’ll be imparting those knowledge.â€Å"To grasp what it means to exist, one needs to grasp the fact that he might not exist†. This quotation of Rollo May strongly implies his desire in imparting his theory to us individuals and to how we can be able to make use of his theory through the modern way of perceiving such knowledge. Overall,  I’ve learned from his theory that to exist also means to live life with its full essences – that destiny will be the key for molding these hidden essences that will soon to be revealed when the time comes that you are ready and you can finally say that you are able to challenge your own destiny as you desire it to be.Death is emphasized with this quotation of May. He contended that we can neve r escape the fact that death may happen and what’s striking the most is that it may arrive at the least expected moment. But although May insisted the fact that death is inevitable, I’m not preoccupied with the frightening thought of death but what I am afraid of is the thought of dying. On the other hand, understanding death, I believe, helps me in doing more quality things making it more meaningful. Confronting such issue of our nonexistence is somehow a key for us to live harmoniously. With this, we can be able to assert our freedom and be able to mold our own destiny.