Exam Retailing Essay

Retailing-consists of the final activities and steps needed to place merchandise made elsewhere into the hands of the consumer or to provide services to the consumer. Last step in supply chain. Trends that affect Retailing today: * E-tailing- ie. The Internet accounts for less than 5% of retail sales but has changed consumer behavior. (speed, convenience, control, vast info, lowest prices) hasn’t destroyed †¦ *Bricks-and-Mortar retailers – Retailers that operate out of a physical building. ’ but B & M retailers must give customers more control to combat E-tailing. Outshopping-when customers get needed info (such as proper size or how to assemble a product) in the store and then orders it online for a lower price and to avoid paying sales tax. * Price Competition Loss Leader-selling a product at or below its cost Bottom Line-net profit on an income statement *Same-Store sales-compares an individual store’s sales to its sales for the same month in the previous year. *Market Share-the retailer’s total sales divided by total market sales *Scrambled Merchandising- exists when a retailer handles many different and unrelated items. The result of the pressure being placed on many retailers to increase profits by carrying additional merchandise or services (with higher profit margins) that will also increase store traffic ex. Convenience store that sells low margin gasoline but high margin bread, milk, beer, ciggs ETC. Supercenters, gift cards in grocery stores but causes cost increases in RENT, INVENTORY COSTS, LABOR COSTs *Category Killer-a retailer that carries such a large amount of merchandise in a single category at such good prices that it makes it impossible for customers to walk out without purchasing that they need, thus KILLING the competition Categorizing Retailers Census Bureau- NAICS code Number of outlets- Chain? Or not? *Standard Stock list-a merchandising method in which all stores in a retail chain stock the same merchandise *Optional Stock List approach-merchandising method in which each store in a retail chain is given the flexibility to adjust its merchandise mix to local tastes and demands. *Channel Advisor or Captain-the institution (manufacturer, wholesaler, broker, or retailer) in the marketing channel that is able to plan for and get other channel institutions to engage in activities they might not otherwise engage in. Large store retailers are often able to perform the role of channel captain. *Private Label Branding- May be store branding, when a retailer develops its own brand name and contracts with a manufacturer to produce the product with the retailer’s brand, or designer lines, where a known designer develops a line exclusively for the retailer. Margin/Turnover Gross margin percentage- measure of profitability GROSS MARGIN/NETSALES Gross Margin-NET SALES – COST OF GOODS SOLD Operating Expenses-expenses that a retailer incurs in running the business other than the cost of merchandise Inventory Turnover- refers to the number of times per year, on average, that a retailer sells its inventory. High Performance retailers-retailers that produce financial results substantially superior to the industry average. Low margin/low turnover-operates on a low gross margin percentage and a low rate of inventory turnover†¦ will not be able to generate sufficient profits to remain competitive and survive. High Margin/Low turnover-(bricks and mortar) high gross margin percentage and low ate of inventory turnover ( high end stores, mom and pop) Clicks and Mortar-instore and online Low margin High turnover- low gmp, high rate of inventory turnover (wal mart, amazon. com) High, High- convenience stores, 7 eleven, circle k, Location- new non traditional places. Size *Store management- the retailing career path that involves responsibility for selecting, training, and eval uating personnel, as well as instore promotions, displays, customer service, building maintenance, and security *Buying-retailing career path whereby one uses quantitative tools to develop appropriate buying plans for the store’s merchandise lines. Analytical method –finder and investigator of facts Creative Method- Idea person Two pronged approach- both analytical and creative CHAPTER 2 Strategic planning- involves adapting the resources of the firm to the opportunities and threats of an ever changing retail environment * Development of mission statement * Definition of specific goals and objectives for the firm * Identification and analysis of the retailers strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats –SWOT ANALYIS * Development of basic strategies that will enable the firm to reach its objectives and fulfill its mission Mission statement- a basic description of the fundamental nature, rationale, and direction of the firm. Market Share- retailer’s TOTAL SALES/ TOTAL MARKET SALES Profit-based Objectives-deal directly with the monetary return a retailer desires from its business ROI/RONW- Return on investment/ Return on Net Worth STRATIEGIC PROFIT MODEL (MEMORIZE) Net ProfitMargin| Net Profit /Total Sales| Return on Assets| Net Profit* /Total Assets| Financial Leverage| Total Assets/Net Worth| Return on Net Worth| Net Profit*/Net Worth| X = Asset Turnover| Total Sales/Total Assets| Stockouts- products that are out of stock and therefore unavailable to customers when they want them Productivity objectives- state how much output the retailer desires for each unit of resource input: Floor space, labor, and inventory investment. * Sales prod: net sales/ total square feet of retail floor space * Labor prod: net sales/#of full time equivalent employees * Merchandise prod: net sales/average dollar investment in inventory Societal Objectives- those that reflect the retailer’s desire to help society fulfill some of it’s needs. * Employment objectives * Payment of Taxes * Consumer Choice * Equity * Being a benefactor RASM- (revenue per available seat mile) calculation used by airlines. Yield Management- the understanding, anticipating and reacting to changing customer needs in order to maximize the revenue from a fixed capacity of available services. (1)low marginal costs (2)fixed capacity (3) perishable product (4)fluctuation demand (5)different market segments Personal Objectives-reflect the retailer’s desire to help individuals employed in retailing fulfill some of their needs. * Self Gratification * Status and respect * Power and authority Strategy- a carefully designed plan for achieving the retailers goals and objectives. 3 strategies Get shoppers into your store/ traffic strategy Convert these shoppers into customers by having them purchase merchandise (retailers conversion Do this at the lowest operating cost possible that is consistent with the level of service that your customers expect Target market-the group of customers that the retailer is seeking to serve Location-geographic or cyber space where the retailer conducts business Retail mix- the combination of merchandise, price, advertising and promotion, locations, customer service and selling, and store layout and design Value proposition- clear statement of the tangible and/or intangible results a customer receives from shopping at and using the retailer’s products or services Operations Management- deals with activities directed at maximizing the efficiency of the retailer’s use of resources. It is frequently referred to as day to day management. CHAPTER 6 Horizontal Price Fixing- occurs when a group of competing retailers (or other channel members operating at a given level of distribution) establishes a fixed price at which to sell certain brands of products ILLEGAL violates Sherman Antitrust Sec 1 Vertical Price Fixing-occurs when a retailer collaborates with the manufacturer or wholesaler to resell an item at an agreed upon price Price discrimination- occurs when 2 retailers buy an identical amount of â€Å"like grade and quality† merchandise from the same supplier but pay different prices. Clayton act makes only certain forms illegal DEFENSES Cost justification- differential in price could be accounted for on the basis of differences in cost to the seller in the manufactur, sale, or delivery. Due to differences in quantity or method. Changing market differences-justifies based on the danger of imminent deterioration of perishable goods or on the obsolescence of seasonal goods. Meeting Competition in good faith -lower price was made in good faith in order to meet an equally low price of a competitor Deceptive Pricing-occurs when an misleading price is used to lure customers into the store and then hidden charges are added; or the item advertised may be unavailable. Predatory Pricing-exists when a retail chain charges different prices in different geographic areas to eliminate competition in selected geographic areas. Palming off-occurs when a retailer represents that merchandise is made by a firm other than the true manufacturer Deceptive advertising-when a retailer makes false of misleading advertising claims about the physical makeup of a product, the benefits to be gained by its use, or the appropriate uses for the product. Bait and switch- advertising or promoting a product at an unrealistically low rice to serve as â€Å"bait† and then trying to â€Å"switch† the customer to a higher priced product. Product liability laws-deal with the seller’s responsibility to market safe products. These laws invoke the forseeability doctrine, which states that a seller of a product must attempt to foresee how a product may be misused and warn the consumer against hazards of misuse. Expressed warranties- are either written or verbali zed agreements about the performance of a product and can cover all attributes of the merchandise or only one attribute Implied warranty of merchantability- made by every retailer when the retailer sells goods and implies that the merchandise sold is fit for the ordinary purpose for which such goods are typically used Implied warranty of fitness- a warranty that implies that the merchandise is fit for a particular purpose and arises when the customer relies on the retailer to assist or make the selection of goods to serve a particular purpose Territorial restrictions-are attempts by the supplier, usually a manufacturer, to limit the geographic area in which a retailer may resell its merchandise Dual distribution- occurs when a manufacturer sells to independent retailers and also through its own retail outlets One way exclusive dealing arrangement-occurs when the supplier agrees to give the retailer the exclusive right to sell the suppliers product in a particular trade area Two way exclusive dealing arrangement- occurs when the supplier offers the retailer the exclusive distribution of a merchandise line or product in a particular trade area if in return the retailer will agree to do something or the manufacturer, such as heavily promote the suppliers products or not handle competing brands. ILLEGAL. Tying agreement-exists when a seller with a strong product or service requires a buyer to purchase a weak product or service as a condition for buying the strong product or service Ethics-set of rules for human moral behavior Explicit code of ethics-consists of a written policy that states what is ethical and unethical behavior Implicit code of ethics- an unwritten but well und erstood set of rules or standards of moral responsibility Chapter 14 Empowerment- occurs when employees are given the power in their jobs to do the things necessary to satisfy and make things right for customers. Servant leadership-an employees recognition that their primary responsibility is to be of service to others. 20% of customers generate 80% of sales value proposition-the promised benefits a retailer offers in relation to the cost the consumer incurs customer relationship management CRM-comprised of an integrated information system where the fundamental unit of data collection is the customer, supplemented by relevant information about the customer erformance appraisal and review- is the formal, systematic assessment of how well employees are performing their jobs in relation to established standards and the communication of that assessment to employees Motivation-is the drive that a person has to excel at activities, such as a job, that he or she undertakes Esprit de corps- occurs when a group of workers feel a common mission and a passion fo r that mission and a pride in being part of the group Fixed component- typically is composed of some base wage per hour, week, month, or year Variable component-is often composed if some bonus that is received if performance warrants Fringe benefit package-is a part of the total compensation package offered to many retail employees and may include health insurance, disability benefits, life insurance, retirement plans, child care, use of an auto, and financial counseling Job enrichment- the process of enhancing the core job characteristics to improve the motivation, productivity, and job satisfaction of employees.

Custom Coffee Essay

I believe Custom Coffee & Chocolate mission is to establish a small cafà © where they and their customers could indulge their love of good coffee and fine chocolates. Bonnie and Stacy, recent college roommates, wanted a location that got a lot of foot traffic from shoppers and businesses. Their desire was to target a place near the university because they knew and understood those customers well. The purpose of the cafe’ is to serve unique coffee blends and specialty chocolates, and the business plan included purchasing only fair trade coffee and chocolates made by a few local suppliers. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths – Having a good location where public transportation is not a issue. The owners will be selling products that are considered to be good quality, near top of the line. Customers have the options of eating in or taking out their purchases. Weakness – The shop is pretty small, and can only hold a certain amount of customers, and they will need more funding to expand. Opportunity – The opportunities are unlimited, expanding the menu to include baked chocolates, desserts, tea and other beverages. If the businesses continue to grow, Bonnie & Stacy may be able to start a small franchise. Threats – I don’t detect any threats, unless a similar business moves in the same location. Bonnie & Stacy are doing all the right things to make their cafe’ affordable, and customer friendly. It is a nice place for friends and family to meet and chat while having a cup of coffee or reading the newspaper. Comfort is always important to me, so I like the idea of them having comfortable seating. Putting up a website and blog page might be helpful to customers and potential customers, for information and feedback. I don’t believe that delivery would be a good thing right now, maybe in another six months. Great job Bonnie & Stacy, you knew what you wanted and went for it. I wish you much success.

Health Promotion in Nursing Practice Essay

Health promotion has become a key part of healthcare in today’s health industry. Promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors and prevention of disease has shifted to a forefront position in the arena of healthcare. Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization as â€Å"the process which enables people to improve control over the determinants of health and as a result to improve their own health.†(Jadelhack, 2012, p. 65) Promoting wellness and developing strategies to obtain this including confrontation of obstacles and barriers to wellness has become mainstream in nursing practice. Nurses now incorporate areas of education, practice, methodology, and research which has set them at the cutting edge in health promotion. Studies have shown that health promotion is highly cost-effective and as health costs rise, targeting diseases that are preventable such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, COPD, and communicable diseases such as Hepatitis and HIV can greatly diminish healthcare costs. Promoting prevention rather than just curing disease after it occurs will reduce healthcare costs exponentially. In the past, nurses provided patient education arranged at teaching patients how to manage current illness, the focus was on the present. In today’s nursing the focus is now on maintaining optimum health and behaviors that promote healthy lifestyles in effect heading off disease before it occurs. The spotlight is now on future health and management of wellness and on remaining healthy. In order to do this, nurses must possess a strong understanding of the disease process and interventions that can be made in order to guide the patient and communities. They also must be well educated and knowledgeable in evidence-based practice and methods to coach and teach patients as well as  family members. Nurses play a key role in guiding decisions in health by individuals, families and communities. They must understand theories, models and practices and be equipped to implem ent interventions as well as evaluate effectiveness and redesign the approach to meet the desired outcome. As people become more aware of the benefits of good health and aware of their own health, community wellness is likely to improve. In order to facilitate and implement these changes, information delivery must be adequate and appropriate. Nurses must be educated in the delivery of health education and equipped to head off barriers to learning before they happen. Understanding cultural diversity and learning models promote better education of patients and communities. Advocating for healthy behaviors and lifestyles must be implemented and promoted at every contact with the patient. This is already seen in action by incentives for smoking cessation and weight loss by organizations and insurance companies. The public must be given the appropriate tools to enable them to make the changes necessary to promote wellness goals. In addition, optimizing opportunities during patient contact must be made. Every contact is an opportunity to advance healthy behaviors and to education patients and f amilies. Clinic visits alone should not be the only interaction nurses utilize to address health promotion. Dressing changes, injections, home health visits, and telephone contact are all optimal times to promote healthy behavior and educate patients. The platform for teaching comes in many settings for nurses and must be utilized to the highest extent possible. Health promotion comes in three formats, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The first level of health care, or primary prevention is provisioned to promote health and prevention of disease. The second level or secondary prevention is aimed at early identification of disease. Targeting high risk individuals in which the disease process has not yet manifested itself in order to promote measures that minimize the effects of disease. The third level of health care is known as tertiary prevention. This level of care involves care of disease that is already established. It works to restore the best level of function and disease management. It also promotes diminishing any further advancement of the disease process. The main difference bet ween the three levels of care is primarily the extent of disease and the level of affliction faced by the patient. Primary level of care deals mainly with  healthy individuals who have not yet displayed evidence of disease. This level deals with lessening the propensity for disease through methods such as vitamins, immunizations, weight control, smoking cessation and other healthy lifestyle behaviors. The secondary level addresses care geared towards maintaining the level of health the patient is currently at and preventing advancement of disease. An example of this would be a patient who has a family history of hypertension whose blood pressure readings are increasingly elevated. Health promotion would be designed to avoid onset of the disease as well as health lifestyle changes to limit the already present risk. In tertiary prevention, care involves addressing health conditions and disease that have already manifested. The goal of this level is to return the patient to an optimal level of functioning and preventing further progression of the disease. Support of the patient’s current health status and educating them to prevent complications as a result of the disease. This is demonstrated as educating a Hepatitis C patient on the importance of discontinuing alcohol consumption and safe sex practices to prevent transmission and coinfections. The nursing role extends well beyond primary care and basic skills. Health promotion is a progressive way nurses can assist patients, providers and communities in implementing and advocating for wellness and prevention of disease. References Baker, D. (2007). Media Review: Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Retrieved from http://www.acme-articles.com/article/Healthcare_Systems/Health_Promotion_In_Nursing_Practice/87821 Jadelhack, R. (2012). Health Promotion in Nursing and Cost-Effectiveness. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 19(2), 65-68. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?vid=3&sid=ac36e1ac-7283-45be-9086 d4f5b296ea41@sessionmgr4001&hid=4205&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#db=ccm&AN=2011602897 Lopes M., de Fatima Antero Sousa Machado, M., Barroso, L., Macà ªdo, E., Costa, R., & de Sousa Furtado, L. (2013). Health Promotion in the Perception of the Strategy of Family Health Nursing Professionals. 14(1), 60-70. Retrieved from

International Relations and International Oganization Research Paper

International Relations and International Oganization - Research Paper Example Scholars find it hard to disown one of two competing subjects as each variable reflects distinct reasons for the competition2. Different global organizations formed by unification of states and the human thought are vital to resolve these issues before they create bad implications to both parties or one of them. Human beings often show competition over available resources, a factor which eventually stirs enmity and long-term dissatisfaction of the party that property loses its bid in the struggle3. Therefore, an intense purpose of the study shall establish the endeavors that several international organizations engage purporting to disintegrate power to an extent that curbs hostilities and ensures that all relations among nations serve the ethical interests of the majority group. The study shall reflect on the arguments encompassed in different articles presenting international organizations’ involvement in global relations and the intrinsic values that they often create thereof4. For example, war crimes reflect a daily rise from continent to continent and between neighboring nations thus; the approach shall implement the specific concerns of these atrocities, reflect on the prevailing interests or conflicting situations, and determine the result after involvement of an independent in ternational organization5. The continuous rate of interdependence among the global economies is a key stimulating factor to the relations among those nations. For instance, a nation that depends on another for the market of its commodities or the supply of raw materials shall focus on ensuring that these relations coexist almost eternally, and shall ensure that all conflicts surrounding that nation of interest do not injure the economic progression. Therefore, the statement of purpose in this context reflects on the international organizations

Organizational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Theory - Assignment Example Also, the paper will review the criticisms that have been generated towards the two assumptions. While ontology is associated with the nature of an event, epistemology is about the way people understand such an event (Gioia, 2003). The classification of the two assumptions, therefore, can be based on an individual’s belief considering that objective existence is inherent in the world, or because the reality of an event is based on a mediated social understanding. In this sense, prior to human judgement, objective ontology presumes that natural and social reality occurs independently (Johnson and Duberley, 2000: 180). In view of this assumption, objective epistemology takes into consideration the causal inter variable relationships, and assumes that the reality does not originate in an individual, but rather from sensory experiences. Having said this, the manner in which an individual understands an event is acquired from measurement, touch, taste, or observation (Johnson and Duberley, 2000). Furthermore, the epistemology of objectivity seeks to generalize theories by mak ing a very important presumption that the theory applies to all people in the world regardless of the context and circumstances. A good example of a research that best shows a theory-approach alignment is one conducted in by Cooper and Sobol (1969) investigating seniority and employment testing as a criteria for hiring and promoting employees. In this paper, the theory being used is the disparate impact theory while the approach is basically a case study complex, while epistemology is constructionism coupled with positivism. By analyzing the various cases where the use of seniority and testing were deemed to be violating the fair employment laws, Cooper and Sobol (1969) went on to suggest that depending on who is analyzing the cases may take different meanings because of their constructionist approach. They

Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Illness in the US Essay

Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Illness in the US - Essay Example who support the person, his living conditions, etc bring along lot of physical and mental stress and might lead to mental illness and thereby disorders. Generally it gets affected to the aged people sooner, as they are not taken enough care of by the younger generation. Most of such illnesses occur in the well and good families and hence the researchers have cited the hereditary conditions as a cause. Currently as of now in this big world where we get the diagnosis for every minute disease or sickness, unfortunately there is no diagnosis to know about the condition of a person who is not fit mentally. These persons are diagnosed by the psychiatrists with the assistance of experienced and qualified doctors over a series of conducted tests and formal discussions with the person. At times these kinds of tests have to be carried on twice a week or on a regular basis and to be accustomed to the financial situations one should have a regular income to afford for the immediate medical care and treatment. Hence it is always suggestible or more appropriately advisable to have a health insurance coverage, which could relieve a person from the medical expenses touching the skies in today's expensive world. A health cover is very beneficial for those people who try to cope up and care for the mentally retarded people experiencing difficulties who are poor enough to fund themselves for their expenses. There are innumerable health cover agencies both private and government which provide cashless treatment for such sick people with a nominal amount of premiums. Well Point and United Health Group now control a third of the US health insurance market and cover 61 million US citizens. The services of the Health Insurance Institutions include Advocacy, Career Support, Community Support, Employment and Training, Housing, Help lines and most importantly Nursing & Residential Care. Every view of all the services is designed to the needs of the people with respect to all the ages and thereby deals with the problems and also solutions. Advocacy: These services are subjected to those people who can avail the powers of the Mental health legislation. They help them in defending their rights legally retaining their Due respect and dignity when concerned to issues related to hospitalization, treatment and recovery. It would be very beneficial dealing with many issues including admission and discharge in a well equipped hospital, case conferences and its reviews, complaints, requests to see medical records, or for that matter when required for a second opinion, and physical care needs. Carer Support: It is the support given by caring and kind people who only serve people with a big heart to give them the care which they need in everyday life in their long and enduring illness visiting ill people at their convenient timing and at their residence. This care enables to lead a normal life alongside taking the treatment without any neighborly inconveniences and other related difficulties. Community Support: It is the practical support given to an ill individual to empower them with the positive and motivated guidance to get back to work with confidence through informal social contracts with small group work, an opportunity to develop new skills with structured and focused work. They offer access to a wide range of information,

Ara Pacis Auguste and Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus Essay

Ara Pacis Auguste and Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus - Essay Example The essay "Ara Pacis Auguste and Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus" focuses on the contrast of Ara Pacis Auguste and the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is also constructed in marble and was used to encase the body of Junius Bassus. The figures on the sarcophagus are three dimensional and the figures wear draped clothing that does not show folds. In contrast the the Ara Pacis Auguste alter, the figures on the Sarcophagus have large heads but is not at all like the workmanship of that time period. While the Ara Pacis Auguste depicts gods, the Saracophagus of Junius Bassus instead depicts Christianity. When looking at the Arch of Constantine and the Synagogue Wall Paintings from Dura-Europos, Syria, the Arch is an enormous arch in Rome near the Colosseum and was used to recognize the victory of Constantine I in the Battle of Milvian Bridge. The arch is actually comprised of three architectural arches with the largest one in the middle. The pieces are from prev ious structures put together to make this one landmark. It is composed of columns that were detached while the bottom part of the arch is re-used from an older structure and the entire structure covers a huge part of area. The design on the Arch depicts Constantine next to other victorious good emperord as well as other people and symbols that represent victory in war. The Dura-Europos Synagogue was previously mistaken for a Greek temple. Instead of using the stone to use to portray characters through carving.... Some of the people in the paintings which are mostly dressed as Perisians have their eyes scratched out. Many think that the walls were used to educate others about the history of religion rather than a tribute like the Arch does. Looking at the wall paintings from the Villa at Boscoreale, Italy and the Catacomb Paintings of the Good Shepherd and Jonah from Rome, Italy, the paintings of the Villa are comprised of plaster. It shows a golden statue that pays tribute to Diana Lucina and other large golden vases. The coloring uses a lot of bright bold reds and gilded sections while other parts of the painting are more subtle and blend in which could represent its unimportance. The Catacomb Paintings of the Good Shepherd and Jonah is also a piece of Roman art were in common Christian burial places. The painting of Jonah is where he is thrown to sea. The lines are blurry as are the faces of the characters which is very different than the detail of the wall paintings at the Villa. While red is also a predominant color and the golden boat are similar to the works from the Villa, the paintings of both Jonah and The Good Shepherd both appear to be more weathered and less detailed. The Good Shepherd is blurry and faceless as well and the color tones are mostly earth tones with some bright casts of golden yellow. These paintings depict Christian stories so the common theme between the two works are of the importance of Christianity during these time frames. When looking at the Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius and the Sculpture of the Tetrarchs, the one of Marcus Aurelius is completely made of bronze. The entire sculpture stands upon a large platform with the horse's legs slightly lifted and Marcus Aurelius looking like a person of grandeur. The appearance is

Deism as a Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Deism as a Worldview - Essay Example divine revelations and holy books of revealed religion. Essentially, through the use of Reason, a belief in God is determined by the observation of the order and complexity found in nature and our own personal experiences of nature. The nature of God has been a point of contention for Deism because it has been defined as a religion that acknowledges a specific nature of God but in actuality it does not and leaves it up to the individual Deist to determine what they believe that nature to be. Overall, Deism is not a hard concept to understand as Deists use Reason and rational thought to develop their view on God, morals and life. [3] History : Deistic thinking has existed since ancient times (e.g., in philosophers such as Heraclitus and most especially Plato, who envisaged God as the Demiurge or 'craftsman') and in many cultures. The word Deism is generally used to refer to the movement toward natural theology or freethinking that occurred in 17th-century Europe, and specifically in Britain. Natural theology is a facet of the revolution in world view that occurred in Europe in the 17th century.[4] The 17th century saw a remarkable advance in scientific knowledge: the scientific revolution. The work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo destroyed the old notion that the earth was the center of the universe and showed that the universe was incredibly larger than ever imagined. These discoveries posed a serious challenge to biblical authority and to the religious authorities, Galileo's condemnation for heresy being an especially visible example. In consequence, the Bible came to be seen as authoritative on matters of faith and morals but no longer authoritative (or meant... Deistic thinking has existed since ancient times and in many cultures. The word Deism is generally used to refer to the movement toward natural theology or freethinking that occurred in 17th-century Europe, and specifically in Britain. Natural theology is a facet of the revolution in a worldview that occurred in Europe in the 17th century. The 17th century saw a remarkable advance in scientific knowledge: the scientific revolution. The work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo destroyed the old notion that the earth was the center of the universe and showed that the universe was incredibly larger than ever imagined. These discoveries posed a serious challenge to biblical authority and to the religious authorities, Galileo's condemnation for heresy being an especially visible example. In consequence, the Bible came to be seen as authoritative on matters of faith and morals but no longer authoritative (or meant to be) on matters of science. Isaac Newton's discovery of universal gravitati on explained the behavior both of objects here on earth and of objects in the heavens. It promoted a worldview in which the natural universe is controlled by laws of nature. This, in turn, suggested a theology in which God created the universe, set it in motion controlled by natural law, and retired from the scene. The new awareness of the explanatory power of universal natural law also produced a growing skepticism about such religious staples as miracles (i.e., violations of natural law) and about books, such as the Bible, that reported them.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Case Study Example The US exporter could claim that the supplies were based on contractual agreement and that he did not breach contractual terms. The US exporter should not be made to reduce the cost of the goods if the contract did not state that the exports must all be male liver. The ruling by the arbitrator will depend on the laws of the trade. It will also depend on the kind of contract that existed between the two parties (Sornarajah, 2004). If the west German importer clearly stated that he wanted 100% male liver but received some percentage of the sow liver, then he will have right to have the cost reduced by the US exporter accordingly. The ruling will also depend on thee precedents of the trade. The arbitrator will have to determine whether the distinction of male liver and sow liver as known to both the parties to the trade and whether sow liver was considered of lower price than the male liver. In addition, the religious beliefs and practices would also determine the nature of the ruling (Sornarajah, 2004). International trade poses a challenge because of the different rules of trade between the parties. The arbitrator must be keen to ensure that the ruling is fair and just to all parties. The decision must not be biased to both parties. When entering into contracts, the parties should state categorically their terms without assuming they are

Role of Religion in the American Civil War Essay

Role of Religion in the American Civil War - Essay Example As theis discussion stresses  there were theological differences between the industrial north and the rural south. The north, which was industrialized, embraced progressivism and more liberal enlightenment-inspiring ideas. The souths who were largely rural maintained the traditional orthodox doctrines that were aligned with the teachings of John Calvin. All the above were important aspects of the civil war. As stated by Abraham Lincoln in his second inaugural address they both read the same Bible and prayed to the same God. But the north embraced industrial growth very fast and they were very open to the ideas of scientific revolution and the European enlightenment creating a very different society and the belief system.  This paper discusses that  most of the religious leaders of the North received ministerial training in the Europe and Germany where they were deeply immersed in the new radical theology. While these leaders maintained the terminology from the Bible; they tried to redefine it by replacing the spiritual import of the words with a secular meaning. The Calvinists doctrines of human depravity and the sovereignty of God were viewed as the enemy of progress. Modernization ideas and advancement were usually pushed forward with the ideas of human perfectibility and self-sufficiency.it made many people start rejecting their old theological beliefs that were viewed as old fashioned, very irrelevant and enemies of progress.

An Effect of an Acidic Fluid on Enzymatic Activity Lab Report

An Effect of an Acidic Fluid on Enzymatic Activity - Lab Report Example The researcher tells that enzymes are made up of protein molecules. They catalyze biochemical reactions. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the reactants are an enzyme and the substrate. Substrates combine at an active site. One enzyme is capable of catalyzing one reaction only. Proteins are highly sensitive molecules and they get denatured if their temperature is altered. Proteins are also sensitive to the pH conditions of the medium in which they are present; pH directly influences the molecular structure, it also affects the structure of the amino acids. Amino acids are the basic units of protein molecules and are amphoteric in nature, suggesting that they maintain the molecular equilibrium. Any alteration in the pH will either enable the amino acid to lose electron or proton. One extra electron alters the structure of amino acids. This directly influences the structure or alters the function of the enzyme. The pH ranges from 1 to 14 on the pH scale. The presence of H+ in sol ution generates acidic condition causes acidity. More the number of H+ ions more acidic the condition will be and hence the PH will be lower. The pH value of 7 is considered as the neutral pH while pH value of more than 7 and up to 14 is considered as the basic pH. The basic pH has more OH- ions Acidic pH influences the structure of the enzyme and also its activity.  

Roman Sculpture Essay Example for Free

Roman Sculpture Essay Roman sculpture effects life and plays an important role in Ancient Rome, Julius Caesar, and modern-day society. Statues were an important and influential part of art and architecture in roman culture. Although, most of roman art and architecture came from Greek culture and habits, most people today think of the statues and sculptural techniques as roman. Ancient Rome used statues as ceremonial pieces, public gathering places, frivolous beautifying accessories in public areas, and honorable tributes to the rich or important people of the time. The Romans particularly like statues of gods, leaders, and heroes in action. (All About Ancient) Most sculptures roles in society were to be public meeting places for important events. They were used as central areas for passing information and communicating new rules and guidelines for an area. A whole category of battle and heroic sculpture filled the citizenrys need for information on conquests made by Roman armies. (All Bout Ancient) Although most statues were used for the public, some statues were intended for private viewing only because the subject matter would not be acceptable with commoners seeing as it was offensive or sexually explicit. (All About Ancient) Roman statue effected and played a role in literature as well such as Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s play, roman sculpture is used as a ceremonial image and also used to foreshadow the terrible events that unfolded later. In Act 1 of the play, a statue is described as decked with ceremonies for a parade. (Shakespeare) This would be a festival-type event celebrating an important figure returning home, that of which being Caesar. Later on in the play, the very same statue came into importance in Calpurnia’s dream. â€Å"She dreamt tonight she saw my (Caesar’s) statue which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, did run pure blood, and many lusty romans came smiling and did bathe their hands in it.† This was an important foreshadowed event and without the statue, it would not have been portrayed the same. For as old as roman sculpting techniques are and for as long as statues have been around, they still have an impact on modern-day society. When people think of classic beauty, they think of the statues of gods and goddesses, heroes and leaders created by the ancient Romans. (All About Ancient) The Roman style of sculpture is influenced strongly by Greek style. The Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, like it and imitated it, although most of the statues that have remained and are still here today are roman. (Art) In addition to statues, Roman Emperors were also portrayed on coins, which is where modern-day society got the idea of putting out presidents on coins. (All About Ancient) Many of architectural buildings today are based off of old roman art such as the United States very own capital building. Roman sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, and act as public meeting areas. These statues played important roles in Julius Caesar, Ancient Rome, and modern-day society. Many sculptures were used to represent important events and people, and that cultural idea to represent significant events through art has transferred through into present-day society. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity.

Expressionism in Art | Analysis

Expressionism in Art | Analysis How is expressionism defined? By the concept behind the paintings of this movement or can you really define a movement that was based on freedom and self expression. Expressionism was a cultural movement grown within a number of different art forms including poetry, literature and painting. The word expressionism is the main piece of information best describing the theme of the movement, the word expression been used to describe a facial movement to portray a mood or feeling. An artist of the expressionist movement is just recreating the expressions we paint on our faces into a emotional painting that evokes their inner most feelings, enforcing there own visualisation through an emotional response to the worlds representation. An artist of the expressionist movement aims to paint not the reality of something but instead its interior perception. Expressionism originated in Germany at the start of the 20th century with many artists breaking away from realism and developing their work t o create this new movement. Artists including Edvard Munch, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller where the artists who founded and stared within the expressionist movement. Expressionism was a deliberate manifestation of post-impressionism (Zigrosser, C. 1957 p.5) using the same degree of representation of painting in that they where not concerned with the form and shape of what they where painting. Many expressionist painters looked upon the work of Vincent Van Gogh, influencing there work with many expressionist painters gaining inspiration from Starry Night which represents many of the fluid movements within expressionist paintings. Influences from starry night can be found in that of Edvard Munchs work as the paint flows across the painting in the same manner. The difference was that impressionism was a recreation of what the artist saw, creating a suggested impression of the object or figure not an emotional response. The movement of expressionism was instigated mainly by the paintings of Norwegian artist Edvard Munch who was the forerunner of expressionist artwork and helped to develop and influence expressionism in Germany and parts of central Eu rope. Highly influencing many expressionist painters and leading the development of the two major expressionist groups De Brà ¼cke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue (The Blue Rider) Reiter. Munches work was mainly based on his life experiences with his work sometimes quite disturbing and violent. Munch most famously known for his series of paintings titled The Frieze of life. Many of his paintings been fuelled by his troubles in life through the death of his family in particular the painting The Scream ( 1893). In which it depicts his social anxieties within life and nature. The original title given been The Scream of Nature .The fluid movements of paint within the painting and the vivid deep colours are used to express the feelings of despair and terror. The true nature of the painting is described within the short story written by Munch that is referred to as a description of his inspiration. I was walking along a path with two friends   the sun was setting   suddenly the sky turned blood red   I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence   there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and the city   my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety   and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature Although as do many other expressionist painters this is not a literal meaning instead describing his personal experiences within life. Expressionism is the emotional experience in its most intense and concentrated formulation. Their key note was the exploration- of mans inner life (Zigrosser, C, 1957, p.5). Munch and Van Gogh inspired many artists and lead four German artists to create an expressionist group called The Brà ¼cke. This group, located in Berlin included Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel and Karl Schmidt Rottluff. The intention being to revolutionise the course of German art and profoundly to influence the nature of German Society (Whitford, F, 1970. P34). The Brà ¼cke were the first to be wholly expressionist painters, revolutionising art and breaking away from the atheistic criteria that had been set by there predecessors. In the development of the modern world and increasing industrialisation and urbanisation; originated a revolt in favour of the new expressionist movement and intense inner vision. Expressionism sought to separate man from society and break away from status and creat e a new group who where Avant- Garde. The group started out in mainly woodcuts and prints developing there work into paintings and rejecting the conventional traditional artwork of the classical and impressionist movements. The artist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was said to be the founder of the group within the group it is clear that each artist has influenced each other with many of the artists paintings involving sweeping slashes in a jarring movement across the painting. Many of Kirchners paintings where of the night life and consisted of nudes and figure compositions. My goal was always to express emotion and experience with large forms and simple colours and it is my goal today (Zigrosser, C. 1957.p15).One famously known painting by Kirchner is Bathers at Moritzburg (1909) shows the spontaneity of the brush strokes used and the loosely drawn figures seen in many of this groups art works. It is also visible that there is an influence in many expressionist paintings from Gauguin as h e uses bold colours to express a certain situation and the mood and atmosphere of the place, this can be seen especially in his painting- eve -Dont Listen To The Liar (1889). This Painting could be considered to be an early expressionist painter as the atmosphere of the painting shows a certain level of anguish and despair that the viewer portrays and picks up the underlying emotions of the painting. Expressionism started to develop and a new group of expressionist painters where formed, they labelled themselves Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) as did Die Brà ¼cke they rejected their classical legacy and turned to nature and the primitive (little, s.2004.p104) . Der Blaue Reiter group consisted of Alexei Von Jawlensky, Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc and many more, the group came together years after Die Brucke when a painting of Kandinskys was rejected from an exhibition. This group focused on the spirituality of art and expressing there work in a imaginative way that would sometimes in the work of Kandinsky would represent childhood memories of fairy tales. After moving to Germany there work developed further and some would later describe the work of Kandinsky as abstract expressionism and was the front runner and inspiration of many abstract painters. The work of Jawlensky is mainly figurative and shows signs of cubism, in many of his paintings and other of the group links to other art movements such as cubism and fauvism can be seen. Kandinsky developed his work further and created a more modern take on the more traditional expressionist paintings. One early piece by Kandinsky is The Blaue Reiter (1903) which was Created to form colour harmonies that which would purify the soul and would be a connection between music and painting, this theme is in many of Kandinskys paintings. Kandinsky was known for having synaesthesia where he would see music as colours. Music is the ultimate teacher (Kandinsky). Kandinskys work became more abstract with him becoming interested in colour analysis and geometrical elements became an important component of his paintings. This can be seen in one of his most famous paintings Transverse line (1923) in which he used shapes and loose aggressive lines across the painting to express his feelings at the time but without using any direct connection between his personal life and the painting. Kandinsky was an important turning point in the revolution of art as many abstract painters still take inspiration and admiring his work. Expressionism was a movement defined by freedom and self expression, a way for artists to express their feelings- not directly, but through art. Expressionism was an important movement in the arts as it created and developed into many different art movements and has and still inspires many artists.

Native American vs. European Way of Life Essay example -- Culture Soci

Native Americans and European Compare/Contrast Essay Europeans lived a much more modern way of life than the primitive lifestyle of Native Americans. Europeans referred to themselves as â€Å"civilized† and regarded Native Americans as â€Å"savage,† â€Å"heathen,† or â€Å"barbarian.† Their interaction provoked by multiple differences led to misunderstanding and sometimes conflict. These two cultures, having been isolated from one another, exhibited an extensive variation in their ideals. Europeans and Native Americans maintained contradictory social, economic, and spiritual practices. The European social structure was heavily influenced by land ownership, with a land-wealthy elite at its center. Europeans viewed land as a resource to be exploited for human benefit. Property was the basis of independence, material wealth, and political status. Native Americans deemed the exact opposite of individual land ownership. Tribes recognized boundaries, like the Europeans, but believed that land was communal. Communal land ownership helped limit social stratification in Native American communities, much unlike the social hierarchy established by the Europeans. Europeans were accustomed to a greater scale of inequality. Native Americans stressed the group rather than the individual. They did not base life on material wealth as the Europeans did. However, some exceptions to this cultural system occurred in the more modern empires of the Aztec and Inca and, in North America, among tr...

The Big Sleep Movie and Novel :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Big Sleep Movie and Novel On first inspection of Raymond Chandler's novel, The Big Sleep, the reader discovers that the story unravels quickly through the narrative voice of Philip Marlowe, the detective hired by the Sternwood family of Los Angeles to solve a mystery for them. The mystery concerns the General Sternwood's young daughter, and a one Mr. A. G. Geiger. Upon digging for the answer to this puzzle placed before Marlowe for a mere fee of $25 dollars a day plus expenses, Marlowe soon finds layers upon layers of mystifying events tangled in the already mysterious web of lies and deception concerning the Sternwood family, especially the two young daughters. When reading the novel, it is hard to imagine the story without a narrator at all. It certainly seems essential for the story's make-up to have this witty, sarcastic voice present to describe the sequence of events. Yet, there is a version of Chandler's novel that does not have an audible storyteller, and that version is the 1946 movie directed by Howard Hawks. Hawks' version of The Big Sleep is known to be one of the best examples of the film genre-film noir. "Film noir (literally 'black film,' from French critics who noticed how dark and black the looks and themes were of these films) is a style of American films which evolved in the 1940s." (The Internet Movie Database LTD). Film noir typically contains melancholy, and not so moral themes. Another characteristic of film noir is just because the main character has the title hero, that does not mean that he will always be alive at the end of the book, or that the hero is always "good." Marlowe in The Big Sleep is a prime example of this concept. In the novel it is questionable how lawfully moral he actually is, concerning the situation of turning Carmen into the police for killing Sean Regan. This aspect of Marlowe's character added yet another difficult task of formatting The Big Sleep to the big screen-the question of how the audience (media) might react to such a personality trait was now placed before the writing staff (IE production codes). The Big Sleep Movie and Novel :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast The Big Sleep Movie and Novel On first inspection of Raymond Chandler's novel, The Big Sleep, the reader discovers that the story unravels quickly through the narrative voice of Philip Marlowe, the detective hired by the Sternwood family of Los Angeles to solve a mystery for them. The mystery concerns the General Sternwood's young daughter, and a one Mr. A. G. Geiger. Upon digging for the answer to this puzzle placed before Marlowe for a mere fee of $25 dollars a day plus expenses, Marlowe soon finds layers upon layers of mystifying events tangled in the already mysterious web of lies and deception concerning the Sternwood family, especially the two young daughters. When reading the novel, it is hard to imagine the story without a narrator at all. It certainly seems essential for the story's make-up to have this witty, sarcastic voice present to describe the sequence of events. Yet, there is a version of Chandler's novel that does not have an audible storyteller, and that version is the 1946 movie directed by Howard Hawks. Hawks' version of The Big Sleep is known to be one of the best examples of the film genre-film noir. "Film noir (literally 'black film,' from French critics who noticed how dark and black the looks and themes were of these films) is a style of American films which evolved in the 1940s." (The Internet Movie Database LTD). Film noir typically contains melancholy, and not so moral themes. Another characteristic of film noir is just because the main character has the title hero, that does not mean that he will always be alive at the end of the book, or that the hero is always "good." Marlowe in The Big Sleep is a prime example of this concept. In the novel it is questionable how lawfully moral he actually is, concerning the situation of turning Carmen into the police for killing Sean Regan. This aspect of Marlowe's character added yet another difficult task of formatting The Big Sleep to the big screen-the question of how the audience (media) might react to such a personality trait was now placed before the writing staff (IE production codes).

Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essays

A Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of Gilgamesh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some characteristics that most great kings have. All of the great kings did not have all of these characteristics, but they had some of them. Gilgamesh did not have many of these traits. Although he was a powerful king, he was not a great king. He had some good traits, such as being a leader, and fighting evil powers. He tormented his people, oppressed them them, exhausted them in daily life and in combat, and he gave himself the right to sleep with any unmarried woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gilgamesh uses his strength to get anything he wants. He especially uses his power to get women. He â€Å"demands to be first with the bride, the king to be first and the husband to follow.†(68) To c...

Anney as a Mother: A Role Dismally Played

Bastard out of Carolina is a novel written by Dorothy Allison; it is a poignant story which speaks about love, family, pain, suffering—and the ultimate price of happiness. In this story, it is seen that the pursuit of happiness sometimes may result in the pain of other individuals: particularly the protagonist's pain—which is indirectly inflicted by her own mother.The story is told by a girl named Bone (whose real name is Ruth Anne), and she tells the reader about her life, and the suffering which she had to endure at as very young and tender age.The story opens with a description of Bone's birth, her mother's coma, and the fact that Bone is an illegitimate child (Millard 155). Bone's life, of course, was interrelated with the lives of her mother, Anney, and her mother's lover, Glen. Bone would have never been who she was if it were not for her mother and mother's lover. However, given the viewpoints of her own mother, Bone's experiences were inevitable. One of the rele vant passages in the story which tells the reader an important fact that pertains to the recurring theme of the story is the following: â€Å"There was only one way to fight off the pity and hatefulness.Mama learned to laugh with them, before they could laugh at her, and to do it so well no one could be sure what she really thought or felt. She got a reputation for an easy smile and a sharp tongue, and using one to balance the other, she seemed friendly but distant† (Allison 10). Analysis of the Passage Relevance of Passage to the Story Although the story indeed, seems to be about the life of the narrator, if one does a careful analysis, it could be seen that the story primarily focuses on the narrator's relationship with her mother.Bone's life, in a sense, is largely affected by her relationship to her mother. As seen in the previous passage, Anney was not exactly a woman who has found happiness. She longs for happiness, yes, and this passage shows that Anney's search for ha ppiness amidst the â€Å"pity and hatefulness† (Allison 10) has cost her more than she would ever bargain for. This passage is particularly relevant in understanding the story, since this passage shows how Anney's search for happiness as an individual has ultimately led to the misery of her own daughter, Bone.The story is a heart-wrenching one, and if one would try to analyze the details of the story, the story is heart-wrenching, not merely because Bone was physically and sexually abused by her stepfather, but also because her mother was a woman who was not able to protect her from such events because of she was a woman who preferred to turn away from problems rather than face them head-on. It is also seen in the story that since Anney was not of much help to her daughter, Bone chose not to disclose to her the horrors which she experienced in the hands of her stepfather.In this particular line, Bone says that â€Å"I lived in a world of shame. I hid my bruises as if they we re evidence of crimes I had committed. I didn't tell Mama. I couldn't tell Mama† (Allison 113). How horrible must it be, if one cannot be able to seek help from one's own mother. Bone was not able to do so, since her mother tends to pretend that everything will turn out fine, and that they must merely laugh about their troubles before someone else laughs at them. It is, of course, necessary to state that one must not take the word laugh literally.It could mean that one must not be fazed by one's troubles, and continue to search for happiness. However, in this case, turning a blind eye in Bone's troubles did not help her at all; Anney merely made things worse for her own daughter by not asserting that Glen should treat her humanely. In the end of the story, much to the annoyance of the reader, Anney chose to be with Bone's abusive stepfather, rather than be with Bone, who is her child (Linkon 275). This ending only proves that Anney was a woman who preferred to find her own hap piness, rather than the happiness of her own child.It cannot be argued that the reader would feel a certain animosity towards her character, for how can she love the man who has continuously hurt her child? Style and Presentation of Text If one is to read the aforementioned passage carefully, it will be seen that the author is using symbolism to send her message to the reader. As discussed in the penultimate paragraph of the previous section, Anney's way of dealing with troubles has an effect on Bone's life.It is not enough to say that Anney laughed at her troubles before anyone could laugh before her—what she did was that she turned her back against these problems and refused to address them appropriately. In fact, when Bone was brought to the hospital for having broken her coccyx when Glen beat her, Anney was desperately trying to shield the fact that Bone was beaten up by anyone (Allison 113). Therefore, given this information, it could be said that when Bone stated that A nney was a woman who preferred to â€Å" learned to laugh with them, before they could laugh at her† (Allison 10), Bone actually meant something deeper.This description of Anney in the aforementioned passage is a symbolism, and must not be taken literally; it was a mere symbolism of the fact that Anney was actually a woman who preferred to convince herself that nothing was wrong, and that, perhaps by believing that nothing is wrong, then nothing would eventually be wrong. Since Anney is trying find her own happiness, she tries to escape reality, and eventually is forced to continuously hurt her child in the process. SummaryThe aforementioned passage is significant to the novel, for it tells the reader that the life of the narrator may have been different if only her mother chose to fight for her—instead of trying to shield the truth from prying eyes and claiming that nothing is wrong with their family. While it is relevant to state that Anney had loved Bone in the best way that she could, Anney, nevertheless, was not as willing to give up the man she supposedly loves. Anney knows how to fight back and protect her children, but she was not able to do so fully, for she refused to fully accept that some things cannot be laughed at.There are a lot of ways a mother could have shown her love for her child, but in many ways, the way she showed her loved in the novel was one of the most eccentric ways that could hurt one's child. In the end, she eventually realized that she had to let go of one of them, and she did let go—of her own child. However, her decision was too late, for the damage was done, and Bone would forever have memories where her own mother refused to see the light for her. Overall, the chosen passage was a good symbolism and it provides the reader with thoughtful insight regarding Bone's mother and how she has affected her life.It may not be obvious at first, but the passage is able to convey something metaphorical which is vital in understanding the life of Bone, a girl who longed for her mother to finally wake up from her trance and realize that it was time to move on instead of insisting that the family they had was real. Works Cited Allison, Dorothy. Bastard out of Carolina. New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc. , 1992. Print. Linkon, Sherry Lee. Teaching Working Class. Boston: The University of Massachussetts Press, 1999. Print. Millard, Kenneth. Coming of Age in Contemporary American Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. , 2007. Print.

Henry Hudson School vs. Rowley Essay

each student has the right to have an unmarried education plan (IEP). Although all students with disabilities argon entitled to an IEP that does not necessarily symbolize they be eligible for every bounce of technology available to them. IEP atomic number 18 intentional to keep minorren with disabilities as current as those students without disabilities. Amy Rowley did in fact have an differentiate education plan, nevertheless her parents believed she was entitled to to a great extent. Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley was the scratch line U. S.Supreme Courts trial under the reading for All handicapped Children which is now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, (IDEA). Hendrick Hudson School vs. Rowley Amy Rowley was a student at Furnace Woods School in the Hendrick Hudson telephone exchange School territory Peekskill, N. Y. Amy had very small-minded if any residual hearing except, she was an fantabulous lip reader. A year out front Amy was to attend civilize day a conflux was set up for Amy and her parents to meet with the school administrator.It was a reciprocal finis to nursing home Amy in a regular kindergarten bod on a trial basis. galore(postnominal) administrators of the school were to take a scarper in sign language to function in the communications with Amy. The principals office was equipped with a teletype political machine as both of Amys parents were besides desensitise. At the end of the trial basis it was decided by the administrators as headhead as Amys parents that she should stay in a regular classroom. Amy was provided an FM transmitter, which amplified the vox of he teacher and the students in her class. Amys first year of kindergarten was a success and she was to continue on to the first grade. As the law states an IEP was prepared for Amy after her pass completion of her first year. The Individualized Education envision that was customized to meet Amys hires stated that she was to uti lize the FM transmitter she was to a fault to have a tutor for the deaf meet with her daily for an hour to nettle directions and was also to meet with a dustup therapist three times a hebdomad.Amys parents hold with parts of her IEP but also felt that Amy needed a sign language instructor in every one of her classes. Amy did receive a therapist for a two week trial while attending kindergarten but it was decided she did not need this benefit in order to do her studies. The Hendrick Hudson school districts Committee on the Handicapped, had heard Amys parents expert record that stated Amy needed the interpreter, the Committee on the Handicapped also spoke with Amys teachers, and visited a class for the deaf.The committee denied their pray for a sign interpreter. When Amys parents real news that their request for an interpreter had been denied they demanded and authoritative an administrative hearing. (Weber, M. C. , 2012). The hearing officer agreed with the administrators upo n completion of the evidence presented by both sides. The hearing officer stated that once reviewing the evidence it was clear that Amy did not need an interpreter. The reasoning of the hearing officer was that Amy was achieving educationally, academically, and socially without any need of such assistance.The inspectors decision was acknowledged on appeal by the new York Commissioner of Education. Amy Rowleys parents then petitioned the United State territorial dominion Court for the grey District of New York, they stated that the denial of the sign language interpreter was denying Amy of the free distinguish unrestricted education that is guaranteed by the Act. (Excerpt from the approachs own description at The inspectors decision was affirmed on appeal by the New York Commissioner of Education. then the parents of Amy Rowley petitioned the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York with the claim that Amy was organism denied a free appropriate ove rt education guaranteed by the act. On June 28th nineteen hundred and eighty-two the woo finds that Amy is an excellent student that gets along well with her peers and the staff. They also state that she performs better than the average students in her class and has had no problems forward from one grade to the next.With all this beingness said they up to now note that she still misses out on a hatch of things that she would not normally miss on if she were not deaf. So stating she is not doing as well as she could be doing if she were without her handicap. The differences amidst her achievements and what she would be capable of without a hinderance was the deciding factor in that Amy was not getting a free appropriate public education that is defined as Having the opportunity to achieve her full say-so equal with the opportunities that are given over to former(a) students.I believe that the cost regnant for the Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley emphasized individualization on s chool programs and parental involvement in the decisions that are do where their childrens educational matters are concerned. By having no cost cumber on required services the areas of encyclopedism for disabled children have become bountiful. Since, the U. S. court upheld the decision, the decision to support parental rights, and the decision concerning the childrens rights. I believe the Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley court case definitely made an tactile sensation on the judicial system check to education.The court case of Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley established the enforcement of entitlement to differentiate educational programs to our students with disabilities and gives the parents a say in what is best for their child. (Macfarlane, M. A. , 2012) When a parent is given the right to help with the decision accomplish of their child, the child will olfactory property more adequate and so much more secure. The best focal point for a child to learn is to give them a golosh and secure learning environment. The best style for a child to feeling rubber eraser and secure is for them to have the security they feel at home.There could be no better way than to invite their parents to inscribe in their schooling. By paving the way for parental rights and involvement it is allowing a greater thought of stability to the child which in turn will broaden their sense of confidence and allow them to learn at a greater pace. I feel assured if the decision had not been made by the courts in the Hendrick Hudson School District vs. Rowley our educational system would have some(prenominal) hurdles to cross, but since then our educational system is advancing with a speedy pace for the achievements of the disabled children in our society.

Discovering the Relationship Between the Law and Your School Essay

For this benchmark I had to research the justness and how it is applied to specific pedagogics issues that were covered in this class.. I looked at my terra firma departments of procreations website to view the laws of my demesne of okay and Texas and atomic number 18 to see how they cover limited education issues. I had withal had to interview a lawyer who is easily-versed in indoctrinate law. I interviewed Ms. Andrea Kunkel, she was a wealth of information. She is well-versed in particular cultivation law, she was an attorney at Rosenstein, clenched fist and Ringold, where she represented okeh Public Schools.She handled many ascribable(p)(p)(p) Process Cases, she advised sh tout ensembleow staff on their court-ordered responsibilities under the Section 504, Title II of the ADA and IDEA. She also was the healthy advisor of the okay Directors of superfluous(prenominal) Services and is now the staff attorney of CCOSA (Cooperative Council of Oklahoma School, where she is currently training school administrators on specific education law and issues and is the liaison to ODSS group.The get-go topic we discussed was how has the wakeless system evolved, as it applies to special education, over the past 20 years, and how has that affected the legal exemplar for special education today? Ms. Kunkel say that in the 2004 Reauthorization of the IDEA, Congressadded a requirement that, when a p arent files a due surgical butt against auditory modality kick, the district and parent must promptly act in a resoluteness academic session, unless they assort in writing to waive the resultant session.The purpose of the closedown session is to provide a forum at which the parentexplains the complaint and what s/he is desire with the process so that the district has an probability to unfreeze the complaint. Parties who resolve approximately or twain of the complaint issues through a termination session must spell out the terms of th eir arranging in writing, and that writing is enforceable in court.Ms. Kunkel injected that the resolution session al ane is of questionable value in resolving cases. Those same cases would wishly be refractory in an IEP team meeting held after the complaint was filed. However, in Oklahoma, the entity that runs our engagement resolution and interview processes the Special Education Resolution Center at OSU makes on hand(predicate) without charge, with the parties agreement, trained resolution session facilitators, who back up the parties in attempting to resolve the complaint issues. Resolution sessions that include facilitators are effective in resolving due process hearing complaints in Oklahoma.She perioded out that although the IDEA does non require parents and districts to participate in mediation, it encourages secondary dispute resolution processes. SERC straitss mediation services without charge to resolve disputes between parents and districts that agree to part icipate. mediation is available whether or non the dispute has resulted in a due process hearing complaint.Ms. Kunkel said that most recently, SERC has started to offer facilitation services at IEP meetings. Again, this service is free to parents and schools that agree to participate. SERC fucknot make facilitation broadly available, due to limited re starting times, only when it is likely to be available in situations in which parents and schools cannot make it through IEP meetings due to mental wellness issues or different major obstacles.She went on to point out that the availability of alternative dispute resolution options has improved the legal framework for special education in Oklahoma. Although Oklahoma has never been a state with large numbers ofdue process hearing complaints, the timing of SERCs taking on the states due process hearing and alternative dispute resolution systems coincides with the filing of fewer due process hearing complaints. At a eon when OSEP is emphasizing avoiding disputes and resolving disputes at the lowest attainable level, Oklahoma is already a leader in those areas. Greater access to alternative dispute resolution processes seems to indicate that even fewer cases impart result in administrative hearings, appeals and requests for judicial review. That indicates greater collaborationism between parents and schools and improved services for students.How does the legal framework differ for special needs students and regular students in semi undercover and earthly concern schools was the next question that I asked her. She said that the IDEA applies to local education agencies (LEAs) like public schools, but not to mysterious schools. Students with disabilities whitethorn be located by their parents unilaterally in private schools or IEP teams in LEAs/public schools may place students with disabilities in private schools to bump FAPE.For unilaterally pose students, the private school may or may not provide the child with special education or related services and may or may not write an IEP or similar document. That is up to the private school. The parent has no access to due process procedures against a private school to challenge educational services provided or not provided to a private school student.She went on to say that for private schools that accept placements of students on IEPs to receive FAPE, then the placing LEA/public school has the legal obligation to provide the student with FAPE, to tell that adjectival safeguards are followed and that an appropriate IEP is conveyed and implemented. The private school does not become subject to the IDEA by accepting the student. The parents due process rights are against the LEA/public school, not the private school. Public schools turn in child knock responsibilities as to students attending private schools, even unilaterallyplaced students. At most, the private school has a clean obligation, not a legal one, to refer parents to L EAs/public schools for IDEA military ratings when private school personnel guess a disability. Parents who believe that the LEA/public school has failed in its child find obligation or obligation to evaluate or reevaluate a student have access to IDEA due process procedures.I posed the question, Who monitors the carrying into action and evaluation of IEPs in private and public schools? Ms. Kunkel state that private schools that voluntarily develop IEPs for their students with disabilities who are unilaterally placed by their parents monitor their own IEPs. There is no state or federal oversight. IEP development and implementation by LEAs/public schools is monitored by the Oklahoma cite incision of Education, whichreports the results to the U.S. Department of Education/OSEP. LEAs/public schools attend various consequences for IDEA violations.The last question that I asked her was In the legal experts opinion, are there any elements of special education law that need refinement? Ms. Kunkle said that, As to the legal system, I would prefer mandatory mediation when a due process hearing complaint is filed.I researched how mediation works in my schools district website. The website stated that a trained intermediator works with some(prenominal) of the parties involved. The Special Education Resolution Center (SERC) is the one who appoints a mediator when needed, these mediators are unbiased. The mediator is neutral facilitator to athletic supporter the family, students and the school staff to reach an agreement. The mediator is in control of the session they parties involved makes all of the decisions regarding the case.The mediator permits some(prenominal)(prenominal) parties to voice their points and tries to help both parties to come to a mutual understanding and find the best solution to the line of work that best suits the problem and best services that student. Parents and the school system also have a piece in the mediation, their role is to b e active during the session and help to develop an agreement along with the mediator. Bothparties can consider an attorney, but they are responsible for all fees. Mediation is free and not mandatory for any fellowship to participate in. Mediation can be asked for at any time and if an agreement is made both parties get a copy of the agreement. If the agreement is not followed the case can go to court. (http//ok.gov/sde/faqs/special-education-mediation )My state has policies that ensure that the funds that the state gets from IDEA (section 608 (a) ) There is a insurance policy by the Oklahoma State Department of Education (OSDE) establishes that secondary transition services be started at the start of the students ninth grade year or when they turn 16. There is a policy that makes sure that classroom sides are not big. sign eligibility determination must be completed at heart 45 school eld of receipt. In Oklahoma payable Process is managed by The Special Education Resolution C enter (SERC) SERC has expanded with programs to help assist families and school districts to resolve disputes at the earliest feasible time. This service is done for free to families and the district.The mediators are well trained. Mediation in Oklahoma is totally voluntary. If a parents wants to have mediation, they have to fill out a form, sign and return it to the SERC and the SERC will inform the other party involved in the dispute. After both parties agree to attend the mediation, a mediator will be assigned, there is a mediation manual(a) on the states website. . In Oklahoma a Due Process hearing upshot mediation when the disputes cannot be worked out during mediation. There are special rules for the conduction of the hearing.There is a hearing officer that proceeds over the hearing. Both parties have thirty days to discover to settle once again on a resolution. A hearing will go ahead at this point. These options for parents and districts are funded by the Oklahoma State Department of Education. As a paraprofessional I have luckily never had to go through a Due Process Hearing, but I have worked with a few parents that I waswonder if we were going to have to. I have worked with some wonderful families who truly worked with the school in do sure their child go the best education possible.In conclusion, through this course I have well-enlightened a lot about Special Education and law. The law is made to help peck but I find that sometimes that is not case, through this class I have learned more about law and how it might help my special needs students. It is important as a teacher to be up on law. I might be the only one who can help my students and families. I want to be source of help and safety for my students and their families. As a special education teacher I will try to stay up on laws and stay educated myself.Resource Pagehttp//ok.gov/sde/faqs/special-education-mediation (N.D) retrieved on stately 5, 2014 http//ok.gov/sde/sites/ok.gov.sde /files/OSDE%20SES%20Policies.pdf (N.D.) retrievedon August 5, 2014Personal Interview with Ms. Andrea Kunkel on August 3, 2014

The Thematic Character of Everyday Use by Alice Walker

a lot propagation aft(prenominal)wards a soul reads a slice of literature, he or she pull up stakes move on opinions around the motivations of the characters, the ca subroutine of the prospect, the general melodic bailiwick or primal gist be conveyed, and the former(a) elements that admirered to conformation the wholly stark nakeds report. later on contemplating well-nigh their extra beliefs virtually a practice, individuals quit re travel to their ideas to be distinguishable from others beca map from from distri providedively star peerless of them perceives details of the tommyrot in a change worldly cin unmatched casernner. For this reason, it was non impress that galore(postnominal) of my kinspersonmates and I had moot opinions or sowhat the important prows turn all over in Alice pushchairs fooling deposit on (For Your Grandmama). umteen a(prenominal) members of the class strongly tangle that the storys primeval conten t be in the differing preen of each the characters. They use textual award to take the stand that Dees mountains on indis commitable issues were so un like those of her give and Maggies that they actually fixd a obstruction amongst Dee and her family. Others mat that the circumstance and the eccentric/ sum up of reproduction influenced the motives of each of the characters. These mickle referred to the p cunningicular that Dee had the chance to take a kosher raising and that mummy and Maggie did non.The country-style setting executed as a subject matter to lift their views because it attested that somewhat lot had to dress sort out(p) of of receiving an reproduction. In par with these view pourboires mentioned, I took a much divergent progress to understand the psyche theme of this story. I veritablely believed that nonchalant consumption was virtually the slipway in which Dees character touch on herself and her family. use this conclude nonion, I create a much circumstantial theme for this work. individually of us is increase at bottom a purification, a set of customs dutys reach deck by those to begin with us.As individuals, we view and stick earthy hereditary pattern in subtly differing ways. inside m whatso incessantly small communities and families, deep matte traditions serve to amend this roughhewn hereditary pattern. Alice Walkers quotidian wont explores how, in her acuity to assert an quaint inheritance, Dee denies herself the squ be individual(prenominal) visit of familial traditions in much(prenominal) incidents as the justification of her signalize change, her comments during the re away with the family, and her orisoning milliampere for the quilts.Upon arriving at her start outs bleak accommodate for the offshoot time, Dee surprises her set out and Maggie with her bearing and her presumable shit change. Dee rapidly informs her develop that she ha s do her youthful appoint believe Wangero to recoil her Afri merchantman heritage. She no longitudinal entrust be delineated subsequently the plenty who mash her. This wing eject be attri scarceed to Dees contingent experiences as a complaisant rights activist. Among the foreboding(a) confederacy m both citizenry carry Afri faecal matter call to confer their pre-slavery heritage. musical composition this bed be a come of specialty and asseveration for some, it whitethorn gibe a rejection of ones by, as it obviously does for Dee. purge her begins response that she was bring upd Dee after her aunt, who was referd for the aunts perplex, though I in all likelihood could pay sanction carried it plump for beyond the complaisant contend by means of the branches, does non sw result some(prenominal) confessedly doing on her detection of her addicted recognise (32). Dee lifelessness lifes that being called Wangero lead give her pagan fulfi llment, whereas her echt quote lactates her back from attaining this. She fails to blemish that her renders wrangle actually show how the family is high- consciousnessed to s pointt the name Dee on generations to succor conduct their k forthwithledge traditions.Dee does non tone the c at onceit that is associated with her solid name because she possesses a indisputable loss against her family that allow non allow her to extend her give birth one-on-one heritage. This prepossession is root in her beliefs that her receive and Maggie atomic number 18 unequal to(p) of relating her views repayable to their overlook of program line and their involuntariness to buy out new ideas. mind from Dees opinions near her name, readers privy clear perk up that she has misunderstandings nigh her sustainment heritage that pr scourt her from face the joyfulness of carrying on a family name.Against Dees shout to her Afri mickle grow is the tissue of tradition in her experience family. not besides has Dee masterd an education denied her pose, she has jilted her devoted name, and she knows self-created symbol in the sustenance and quarrys defend at the repast. Dee goes on by the chitterlings and lemon bread, talks a dispirited legal community over the angelical potatoes, and thoroughly delights herself with every affaire (45). Dee give aways this meal to be a sort of nicknack that she discount besides regard powerful because she is now in the decent environs to do so.Her commonly more advanced(a) aliment leaves her style to love much(prenominal) a b be(a) meal and its manifestation of her Afri bunghole roots, not her farming(prenominal) family cultivation. She admits to mammary gland to not appreciating as a s be possessed ofr the benches on which they argon sitting, declare by her father. Dee can feel the fuck prints (46). Yet, when adjoining Dee ex take overs to her engender that she wants the c over boil which was whittled out of a tree by her uncle, and that she pass on use it as a centrepiece for one of her tables, readers louche her postponement for the benches and the dig is rattling as classic artifacts.Dee then turns her forethought to the dasher utilize with the churn. She assures everyone that she de crash venture of something exquisite to do with the dasher (53). When the startle Maggie informs them her uncle henry do the dash, and that they employ to call him Stash, Dee ex makes, Maggies judgement is like an elephants, implying that Maggies association is feral, that she cant helper tho h experienced on to facts which atomic number 18 irrelevant (53). Real, gentle details, such as the name of the man who make the dasher, are not relevant to Dee.She feels the foxiness in the dasher represents high-priced whole step art that should be disp place crushed therefore to mirror her range of her roots. Dee sees the object as a thing of beauty, but not as a vocalism of her very private culture, a returns reflecting the elbow grease and finish of those who once use it. In turn, she is dis venture herself from her individualised credit of familys past by dint of her looking realisation of the dashers value. Dees family knows that skepticism is no part of Dees record, and that she is rigid to achieve what she desires (6).In the bedroom, pillage with her mothers keepsakes, Dee finds her naans quilts, and tries to lay claim to them. The quilts are do of old dresses and cloths, some turn over d testify from several(prenominal) introductory generations. When Dee asks her mother if she can rent them, we guts a go point is reached. Since Dee already jilted them once before, florists chrysanthemum responds to Dees request by stating that the quilts form been promised to Maggie.Dee argues that her mother and Maggie cannot decently prize the quilts, that the quilts should be displayed. Maggie would belike be cacuminal becoming to put them to day-by-day use (66). Dees claim to the quilts and her plans to use them as decorations show her external science of family heirlooms to be untarnished objects of display, not cherished items that help muckle entertain their love ones and make them jimmy the firmly work put into them. Dees adoptive determine overcloud her mind and thoughts, do her uninformed to the ace and genuine nature of her culture.Her mothers refusal to countenance this one estimation does not even create any brain of misgivings on her part. Her assumption and her alliance to her take beliefs make her unavailing to see the accredited expenditure of the quilts and their greatness to her familys traditions. Dees notions nigh the quilts check her from experiencing the felicitousness associated with displaying ones own familial culture to the remain of the world. Our heritage go through chronicle past the mess who contributed to it, to affect us on a personalizedised level.To be full apprehended and claimed, it must(prenominal) sojourn in the heart. Dee understands the heritage of stack she doesnt know. In this way, her adopted heritage can be mum intellectually, but it is not felt, not personal, and not in truth her own. Her rejection of her familys culture in the country-style fellowship depart not allow to ever sire feelings of personal fleece about her dependable roots. In turn, Dee can never really find rejoicing in virtually aspects concerning her speedy family, qualification it problematic for her to have a gentle descent with any of them.

Ceremony: Native Americans in the United States Essay

In Leslie Marmon Silkos communion, the soula of account sexual relation is kinda prevalent. in spite of appearance the example of Lords Supper at that place ar references of the customs of immanent Ameri chamberpot f fit obese along with the patterned advance of telling a news report. Storytelling in spite of appearance the innate Ameri basin market-gardening is oral, tradition anyy. The method of twaddletelling at heart ceremonial at the source lays cumulus the example of the stainless book.Silko starts let on the sweet with a serial of stories. The inaugural of which is intimately Tsitstsinako (or more than intimately said) impression Women, who thinks of things and they appear. She happens to be mentation of a yarn and it on the only ifton so happens to be the narrative cosmos t senile to us. This so leads us to the following news report (1).The succeeding(prenominal) level turns f each out to be a story most stories. This story tells us (the reader) the brilliance of stories, and that they bent nonwithstanding for entertainment, but argon utilise to difference mutilate oddment and illness. The narrator thusly states, You put one overt wear eachthing, if you tiret father the stories. therefrom telling us the full-strength immenseness of the stories of ing rainfalled American husbandry, seeing as everything was passed overmatch orally, and not lots was indite shoot if any at all (2).Now, for Tayo, these stories realize the intelligence of the ingrained American existence Tayo grew up with. still the army, the doctors, and the whiteness schools chastise to change Tayo that the stories atomic number 18 wrong. As Tayo recreates and recalls the old tales, he begins to reunite with the community, pulls through with(predicate) the damage of war, and last brings brook the rain to his land. Tayo learns from these stories that he is not alone, because the stories atomic number 18 div ided up inside a community, and because the content of the stories submit him that others take shargond same(p) experiences (Notes/ flesh Discussions).The relaxation method of the stories inwardly the schoolbook of sacrament foreshadow elements that go forth reoccur inside the falsehood. As the story is told either by a whizz person or by a separate of pile, it can mood among those people a reason of community. As state previously, that stories take aim the designer to clamber of demise and illness. The stories double back the ceremonies and rituals that need the powerfulness to bring round individuals and the communities. Stories be able to give up this aptitude by restoring the affiliations mingled with all things and people.The stories indoors Ceremony are an inbuilt smash of the story line. The stories at heart the novel set up us how authoritative they are to the aboriginal American culture and substance of life. They hand over us with t he threatening points of the plot, of how a ceremony is what can cure the people.

Communication and Visual Literacy Essay

Brian Kennedys torment on opthalmic literacy was actually(prenominal) interesting. Ive neer sincerely public opinion conclusion opthalmic literacy that elbow room. You unfeignedly befoolt discern how you would dig things in the military man if you couldnt catch out just about(prenominal)thing. He says that we influence everything optical initiative. and thusly the others things stick after that. The more than I conceive of round it, the more I rely what he is saying. In our accommodate the description of ocular literacy is the fit insane asylum and uptake of ocular messages (Ryan, 2012). Which is a bleak reasonably faint-hearted exposition comp argond to what Kennedy said.Kennedy real dives dusky into the unresolved and drives family unit the magnificence of optical literacy. He has you close your look and thence he asks you to happen upon quartercelled round things that are in the room. I honestly couldnt re reach whatever of these things. It expert goes to army you how primal it is for us to suppose things. When we do-nothingvass things we pass assumptions intimately them, drive to try them, and we start out textbook to them. So optic literacy weed go a wide authority for us. ocular literacy is in spades a customary verbiage. Kennedy dialog near this a comminuted b swarm in his lecture. thither are every last(predicate) kinds of antithetical things we do ocularly that submit in any culture. Kennedys slip was a unprejudiced wink. When we consider soulfulness wink we realize what it cipher ups. It could mean a isthmus of disparate things though as healthful. present signals and total fall apartt rattling reassign either. I was provided in the Domini toilette state and a lot of the locals didnt enunciate English. I had to remediate to employ mitt signals to get things I cute or express with them. more or less of the clip it worked to.It was easier for me t o fall out with them optically and fundamentally the wholly agentof talk I had. So I equate when person says ocular literacy is a world-wide language. I remember optical literacy evict blow colloquy and world-wide apprehension. I gave an simulation in my forward separate of how opthalmic literacy impacts chat. That employment workings here actually well too. It impacts communication because we follow things first and then we encounter the text, such(prenominal) as bole language or open gestures. They can modification how you empathize what someone is saying. It helps with a orbicular understanding because ocular literacy is planetary.I verbalize in the beginning that I though visual literacy was a universal language. When you cant happen with some verbally you incessantly turn to visual things the like choke gestures. I think this gives us a way to overhaul when we can discourse with words. opthalmic literacy is very distinguished to us as a democracy and passim the world. References Ryan, W. (2012). optical literacy tuition to see. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. TedTalk Brian Kennedy optical Literacy and why We requirement It (http//tedxtalks. ted. com/ movie/TEDxDartmouth-Brian-Kennedy-Vis pursuit%3Abrian%20kennedy).